Hiroto S Watanabe – författare

Progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a main cause of its morbidity and mortality. CRC progression is characterized by increased growth of the primary carcinoma as well as lymphatic and haematogenic spread. The microenvironment of primary or circulating and disseminated tumor cells seems to be essential in all steps of the metastatic process of CRC. Therefore, the authors suggest that cancer-associated cellular stroma evolving from the extracellular matrix should be crucially integrated with CRC diagnosis, staging and treatment.Following this, a short review focuses on the immunohistochemical findings and the molecular signaling pathways during the development from chronic inflammation to Kaposi's sarcoma formation. Kaposi's sarcoma is a multifocal neoplasm characterized by deregulated neoangiogenesis, proliferation of spindle cells with infiltrated inflammatory cells and erythrocytes in the skin and visceral organs.The papillary thyroid carcinoma from tall cells (tall cell variant, TCV) was first described by Hawk and Hazard in 1976. 162 such cases were published in the world literature prior to 2000. This is a rare tumor with a frequency of 1-2 cases per million people in Europe and the US. Taking into account the histological pattern, immunophenotype and the results of molecular genetic research, additional differential diagnostic criteria for papillary thyroid cancer from tall cells with transformation into anaplastic carcinoma have been proposed.Cervical cancer is mainly caused by infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially type 16. In this collection, the authors present a study which reveals that HPV16E6 protein induces COX-2 gene and protein expression through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in association with the increase of PGE2-EP4 receptor leading to promote carcinogenesis.False positive and false negative diagnoses in focal carcinomas of the prostate represents one of the most common and significant problems in daily practice. Thus, the authors conclude with a summary of the criteria of greatest value to establish the diagnosis of carcinoma when only some neoplastic glands are found. These focal adenocarcinomas have been termed limited, minimal, minimal volume carcinoma and microcarcinomas. Although most are unique, they may occasionally be found in other sites on the same biopsy, in subsequent biopsies, or in prostatectomy products.

Horizons in Cancer Research. Volume 71 begins by reviewing the histopathological features of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions, risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma including viral infection, chemical carcinogenic and ethnic predisposition. New knowledge about major pathways and signaling is also presented. Next, the clinical development of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to date is reviewed with a focus on phase I-III clinical trials. The authors also discuss future considerations and strategies to optimize the benefits of this class of immunotherapeutic agents. Glioblastoma multiforme, the deadliest primary brain tumor in adults, is studied in the following chapter. Various studies show that only 3‒5% of glioblastoma patients survive longer than 3 years and nearly 100% of all tumors recur due to therapy resistance. The most challenging aspect in the treatment of glioblastomas is the invasive nature of the tumor cells to the surrounding brain tissue. Current forms of treatment for glioblastoma allow for short-term survival, reflecting an urgent need for the development of a new form of treatment. The authors also present the cellular and molecular mechanisms of glioblastoma underlying the evasion of treatment, rationale for using novel therapeutics currently undergoing clinical trials, and explore promising molecular targets for the development of future therapeutics. This collection goes on to demonstrate the importance of TNF-alpha and its receptors in malignant gynecological and breast neoplasms, the immunological mechanisms in these neoplasms, and the role as possible future targets in the treatment. Information about the mechanisms of c-Myc are presented in order to update previous studies to discuss some of the current paradigms and provide a basis for future studies. c-Myc is a regulator gene that codes for a transcription factor, and it is important for many multidirectional cellular functions. In one study, the structural, energetic, spectroscopic and electronic properties of organometallic Ru(II) complexes of the general formula [(η6-arene)Ru(XY)Cl]Z (XY is N,N-(diamine), N,O- or O,O cheating ligands, Z = PF6 anion) were calculated by means of density functional theory electronic structure calculations. These complexes, adopting a “piano-stool” geometry, are potent anticancer agents and their anticancer activity against various types of cancers has already been investigated. In the closing contribution, the authors outline the guidelines for sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of thin melanoma on the basis of its histogenetic features. A histogenetic conception and an uncertain malignant potential appear to be the most significant discriminants on whether or not to perform the biopsy.

The first chapter of Horizons in Cancer Research. Volume 72 discusses the Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumors, including classic Ewing’s sarcoma of the bone, extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma and malignant peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of both bone and soft tissue. The following chapter discusses Primary Ewing’s sarcoma of the base of the tongue, particularly its diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, the authors examine dual proteasome and histone deacetylase6 inhibitor, dual MDM2 and histone deacetylase inhibitor, and dual bromodomain-containing protein 4 and histone deacetylase inhibitor. The authors go on to examine the genes and proteins involved in mitosis that are proposed as candidates for biomarkers in different types of cancer (colon, lung, prostate, breast and ovarian, among others). The penultimate chapter reviews the published evidence of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer risk reduction.  The recommended patient populations for the use of aromatase inhibitors, expected benefits, adverse effects and monitoring parameters are addressed. The transcription factor and chromatin structure-related aspects of cancer treatment are the focus of the final chapter.

In Horizons in Cancer Research. Volume 73, after the identification of some small subgroups with a strong biological-molecular identity, the current evidence regarding the prognostic factors of patients with non-eradicable metastatic disease are examined. The goal is to discuss disease subgroups, which may sometimes provide conditions for decisions that are less compliant with current clinical practice and help define new stratification criteria for patients enrolled in prospective studies. Following this, the authors summarize the current knowledge on breast cancer with an introduction on the traditional markers used in the diagnosis of this disease, followed by an account of the emerging markers. Next, the underlying mechanisms of DNA replication, damage and repair are discussed. Further, RAD51 is proposed as a potential means of managing chemoresistant cancers. Certain drugs and strategies can sensitize chemotherapy via impacting on RAD51, which can be developed as chemotherapy modulators. The authors also discuss multiple myeloma, an incurable malignant tumor of plasma cells of the bone marrow, which is the most common primary neoplasm arising in bone. It causes approximately 1% of cancer-related deaths and is the 2nd most common hematological malignancy in the western world. Later, this collection discusses the prevalence and types of infectious complications that patients with multiple myeloma face, as well as present and emerging therapeutic approaches. The concluding study indicates proteins that have a promising future as new anticancer drugs, in conjunction with the in vitro and/or in vivo effects of these bioactive proteins derived from plants.

The opening chapter of this compilation extensively reviews scientific literature analyzing new molecular targets, ongoing research and future perspectives in the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, a rare group of pathologically and clinically heterogeneous tumors. The significance of PI3K pathway components in lung cancer progression are highlighted, as well as possible therapeutic targets that can be explored in an effort to control the disease. Following this, the authors assess the contributions of flavin-containing monooxygenases 3 along with cytochrome P450 enzymes in Bu metabolic pathways, and analyze their effects on Bu kinetics. The role of the pro-tumorigenic cytokines and the significance of dysregulated notch signaling in the progression of colonic inflammation and carcinogenic transformation is also discussed. The current concepts of nutritional oncology in head and neck cancer patients are revised through a systematic literature search. Significant malnutrition has been reported due to several factors, such as a reduced dietary intake due to dysphagia and odynophagia, or catabolic factors secreted by the head and neck tumors. Lastly, an overview of cervical cancer screening around the world is provided. In the United States, a combination of HPV-testing and cytology method, the HPV-test-alone, and cytology-alone are widely performed.

Horizons in Cancer Research. Volume 75 analyses the strategic actions taken by the UK in the fight against cancer, reviewing the key investments and funding made available in the country. Following this, the authors discuss how efficient targeting of thioredoxin with compounds and proper knowledge of their mechanism of action may be an efficacious therapeutic intervention for cancer. This compilation goes on to xplore the otologic complications secondary to radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer cases to provide a clinical perspective on this issue. An extensive review of the published studies about metastatic colorectal cancer kinetics and changes of growth curves under the pressure of pharmacological treatments is presented, and variables related to tumor cell kinetics derived from radiologic evaluations are discussed. The authors propose a new post treatment cancer care involving the systemic administration of nanomolar concentrations of drag-reducing polymers that aims to avoid metastasis following cancer surgery. A study is carried out to compare the molecular mechanism of cytochrome P450 enzyme family members on breast cancer, as well as to compare the distinct biological processes with each other. This compilation closes with a guide for researchers concerning preserving the heterogeneity of breast cancer cell lines in terms of either isolation, selection or culture method models in order to understand the limitations of various methods.

In Horizons in Cancer Research. Volume 76, the molecular drivers associated with prostate cancers at different stages which can be exploited as drug targets are discussed. This information will be useful for designing rational targeted therapeutic strategies for treatment of this disease. Following this, the authors discuss lung cancer early diagnosis with traditional and alternative approaches. In lung cancer, smoking exposure has been identified as the main causative agent in smokers. A critical appraisal of the different updated techniques in the mediastinal staging of lymph nodes in lung cancer is provided. The authors also provide an overview of colorectal cancer and Ca2+ signalling in cells, focusing their discussion on a specific component of the Ca2+ signalling machinery, the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 channel. Breast cancer, a serious public health problem, is assessed, maintaining that women need accurate and effective information in order to attain early diagnosis. Lastly, a simple technique to decreases cell-culture pH while maintaining sterile technique is described.

In this compilation, an overview of recent achievements in clinical and biosensor technology in the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is provided. Various aptasensors such as optical, electrochemical and mass-sensitive are presented along with a novel approach for the recognition of cancer markers by molecular imaging methods based on atomic force microscopy, single molecule force spectroscopy and topography and recognition imaging. The authors review the strategies used to screen potential antimelanoma drugs, especially those involved in evaluating drugs in cancer cell lines, in vitro and in vivo, as well as in silico tests used for drug selection. Following this, a study is presented focusing on gastroenteropancreatic carcinoids tumors, rare slow-growing lesions that derive from primitive stem cells of the gut. The authors explore the influence of Traditional Formosan medicine on cancer therapy through a literature review and expert opinion. Three clinical experiences of using Formosan medicine for cancer therapy are discussed: acupuncture, herb, and Formosan medicine tongue diagnosis. The concluding research utilizes the extensive pipelines of the Vienna RNA package for 2D RNA structure prediction, and the result exposes a satisfactory illustration and narration of the predicted RNA structures.

This compilation begins by discussing the common pediatric brain tumors, their key oncogenic drivers and signaling pathways. An update on the clinical trials against druggable targets is also provided. An outline of the metabolizing pathways in cancer and the mode of action of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells is presented, also highlighting the roles of nanotechnology in energy-based cancer therapies. The authors review recent studies that characterize the specific mechanisms involved in mediating -tocotrienol reversal of epithelial-to mesenchymal transition in malignant breast cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of Mannich bases derived from kojic acid on A375 human malignant melanoma are discussed and MRC-5 human lung cell lines are investigated using a sulphorhodamine B assay. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects and mechanisms displayed by metformin are assessed, alone or in combination with other agents. A better understanding of metformin-induced metabolic changes could aid in the discovery of new drugs, enhancing the efficacy of current melanoma therapeutics. In closing, the authors explore the way in which physical activity and exercise are negatively correlated to most type of cancers, as exercise shares common underlying metabolic pathways with those of some bioactive food compounds, such as polyphenols.

This compilation includes details about recent innovations in the field of cancer treatment as well as best practices for managing the disease in various forms. The first chapter deals with the potential anticancer properties of the plant Trigonella foenum-graecum, also known as fenugreek. Following this, the authors provide clinically relevant information on physical therapy for women with breast cancer as well as targeted therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Then, the authors discuss the evolution of the field of systematic therapy for urothelial cancer, which ranges from chemotherapy to immune checkpoint inhibitor use. The final chapter highlights the chemo-preventive efficacy of phytochemicals in modulating the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of cancer.

This edited volume presents six chapters detailing recent progress in the field of cancer research. Chapter One discusses the current information available regarding chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, including definition, prevalence, pathophysiology at nerve fibers, risk factors, physiology of specific antineoplastic agents on the peripheral nervous system, signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and treatment methods. Chapter Two aims to substantiate the value of tumor-associated circulating and tissue miRNAs for assessing both the aggressiveness of the malignant process course and the sensitivity to neoadjuvant polychemotherapy (NPCT) in breast cancer patients of various molecular subtypes. Chapter Three summarizes the current role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in cell aging, its dual functions in the balance of proliferation and apoptosis pathways and the current knowledge of not only the physiological but also the pathophysiological missions of NF-κB and its potential role as a target of therapeutic intervention against breast cancer. Chapter Four deals with 5-aminolevulinic acid radiodynamic therapy for treatment of high-grade gliomas. Chapter Five presents a literature review to identify the possible role of sex hormone receptors in gender variation and sexual dimorphism in the genesis and progression of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). Lastly, Chapter Six discusses the risk factors, diagnostic modalities, and outcomes of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the second most common primary hepatobiliary malignancy.

This edited volume presents seven chapters detailing recent progress in the field of cancer research. Chapter One explores the application of robotic surgery to radical cystectomy, highlighting patient selection, surgical approach, perioperative and oncologic outcomes as well as some areas of controversy in the literature. Chapter Two describes the principles of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy procedures with its potential risks for patients and staff. Chapter Three discusses findings related to ISG15 and protein ISGylation, and their association with interferon signaling in cancer. Chapter Four describes the potential for MCF-7 cells to curb or counteract breast cancer. Chapter Five discusses the potential of emerging technologies in breast conserving treatment. Chapter Six reviews the current literature surrounding the basis of employing the immune system for the treatment of the various non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), discusses approved immunotherapies for each type of NMSC as well as indications for use, and synthesizes ongoing investigational studies of immunomodulatory agents for these diseases. Finally, Chapter Seven discusses the use of gene therapy in management of squamous cell carcinoma.

This volume presents some of the latest research surrounding cancer. Chapter One provides a background on the importance of magnesium homeostasis, reviews the pre-clinical and clinical studies using magnesium therapy for cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, and proposes future investigations to improve the translatability of these results to cancer treatment. Chapter Two discusses various liquid biomarkers of ovarian cancer such as exosomes, cell free DNA, miRNAs, circulating tumor cells, secretory proteins and autoantibodies and their subsequent detection via various nanobiosensors. Chapter Three explores the potential of mouse xenograft models for elucidating resistance mechanisms to cancer therapeutics. Chapter Four summarizes melatonin’s beneficial effects in ovarian follicular cells and oocytes, followed by a comprehensive description of melatonin as an alternative treatment for ovarian cancer. Chapter Five deals with the gene signatures potentially implicated in the development of endometrial cancer. Lastly, Chapter Six updates current understanding of the role of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated actions in triple-negative breast cancer.

This volume includes seven chapters that present some of the latest advancements in cancer research. Chapter One studies the correlation between smoking and cancer using the sequenced human genome. Chapter Two discusses glucose-regulated protein 78-mediated regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways, and how it can be used as a therapeutic against cancer. Chapter Three discusses new approaches in the treatment of hodgkin lymphoma. Chapter Four includes a review of the etiology, diagnosis and therapeutic management of rare pancreatic tumors. Chapter Five introduces recent progress on the mechanism of action and predictive biomarkers of mitomycin C using a genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening approach. Chapter Six discusses ultrasonography, endometrial sampling, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography in the context of endometrial cancers. Finally, Chapter Seven discusses treatment options for papillary thyroid carcinoma.

This volume includes eight chapters that describe recent updates in cancer research. Chapter One highlights the benefits of ancillary/consulting care services within pediatric oncology, including social work, psychology, neuropsychology, expressive therapies, child life, chaplaincy, teachers/school liaisons, rehabilitation therapies, nutrition, and palliative care. Chapter Two discusses various generations of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) and recent efforts in manufacturing CAR T-cells as a therapy for cancer treatment. Chapter Three explores alternative target pathways for putative therapeutic approaches affecting chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Chapter Four reviews research done on the role of epigenetics in the initiation and progression of thyroid cancer. Chapter Five summarizes the literature that implicates the underlying molecular mechanisms of paclitaxel resistance and the potential therapeutic targets to overcome this resistance. Chapter Six deals with the inhibition of autophagy for instigating temozolomide for increasing induction of apoptosis in glioblastoma. Chapter Seven studies the use of vitamin E for leukemic stem cells reprogramming. Finally, Chapter Eight describes new molecular studies for approaches affecting chronic myeloid leukemia cells.

This book explores the latest developments in cancer research.

This volume contains nine chapters that detail horizons in cancer research. Chapter One summarizes the role of epigenetic modifications in altering the phenotype of the tumor immune microenvironment. Chapter Two defines the current trends in cancer therapy and the challenges that come with them. Chapter Three discusses the toxicities of tyrosine kinase inhibitors used in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Chapter Four proposes a multifaceted approach to the lymphedema assessment that extends beyond arm size and volume based outcomes, and considers the impact of the condition on the individual and their life participation. Chapter Five elucidates the clinical features and diagnostic criteria of osteoradionecrosis of the jaw and emphasizes the essential measures required to overcome the difficulties associated with its diagnosis, utilizing the latest available differential diagnosis information. Chapter Six reviews the potent anticancer activity of the xanthohumol (XN) molecule and its analogs. Chapter Seven reviews recent preclinical and clinical studies to examine the current position of nanoparticle drug delivery systems in the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Chapter Eight summarizes the pivotal role of the SphK/S1P axis in modulating estrogen related signaling cascade during the breast cancer progression and develops the promising therapeutic strategies for BCs by targeting the SphK/S1P axis. Lastly, Chapter Nine summarizes the current studies of S1P/S1PR signaling in bone metastasis and aims to establish a theoretical basis for the application of S1P/S1PR in the treatment of bone metastasis.

This volume includes seven chapters that detail advances in cancer research. Chapter 1 provides an updated review based on the available knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV) and its relationship with lesions in the oral cavity, especially oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma. Chapter 2 presents emerging immunotherapeutic approaches that focus on targeting alternative inhibitory receptors (LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM-3), suppressive myeloid cell pathways (CSF-1R, CD47), and metabolic checkpoints (IDO1, CD39, CD73) which contribute to immune evasion. Chapter 3 discusses the main advantages and disadvantages of 2D versus 3D cultures in the discovery and development of compounds with antitumor activity. Chapter 4 demonstrates how the integration of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy can facilitate the development of synergistic treatment regimens, which may enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce resistance and ultimately improve patient outcomes in the context of solid tumors management. Chapter 5 intends to summarise in vitro models used to study the physiological mechanisms associated with CAC, scrutinise their strengths and limitations as suitable research models, and shine a light on advanced and innovative techniques. Chapter 6 explores different routes of administration for anticancer drug, drug delivery strategies, and nanotherapeutics approaches, offering insights into combating colorectal cancer effectively. Finally, Chapter 7 aims to assess the quality of life of patients with breast cancer after nutritional counseling in Nepal.