I. N. Sneddon – författare
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60 produkter
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International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 67: Non-Linear Differential Equations, Revised Edition focuses on the analysis of the phase portrait of two-dimensional autonomous systems; qualitative methods used in finding periodic solutions in periodic systems; and study of asymptotic properties. The book first discusses general theorems about solutions of differential systems. Periodic solutions, autonomous systems, and integral curves are explained. The text explains the singularities of Briot-Bouquet theory. The selection takes a look at plane autonomous systems. Topics include limiting sets, plane cycles, isolated singular points, index, and the torus as phase space. The text also examines autonomous plane systems with perturbations and autonomous and non-autonomous systems with one degree of freedom. The book also tackles linear systems. Reducible systems, periodic solutions, and linear periodic systems are considered. The book is a vital source of information for readers interested in applied mathematics.
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An Introduction to Mathematical Analysis is an introductory text to mathematical analysis, with emphasis on functions of a single real variable. Topics covered include limits and continuity, differentiability, integration, and convergence of infinite series, along with double series and infinite products.This book is comprised of seven chapters and begins with an overview of fundamental ideas and assumptions relating to the field operations and the ordering of the real numbers, together with mathematical induction and upper and lower bounds of sets of real numbers. The following chapters deal with limits of real functions; differentiability and maxima, minima, and convexity; elementary properties of infinite series; and functions defined by power series. Integration is also considered, paying particular attention to the indefinite integral; interval functions and functions of bounded variation; the Riemann-Stieltjes integral; the Riemann integral; and area and curves. The final chapter is devoted to convergence and uniformity.This monograph is intended for mathematics students.
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A Course of Mathematical Analysis, Part I is a textbook that shows the procedure for carrying out the various operations of mathematical analysis. Propositions are given with a precise statement of the conditions in which they hold, along with complete proofs. Topics covered include the concept of function and methods of specifying functions, as well as limits, derivatives, and differentials. Definite and indefinite integrals, curves, and numerical, functional, and power series are also discussed.This book is comprised of nine chapters and begins with an overview of mathematical analysis and its meaning, together with some historical notes and the geometrical interpretation of numbers. The reader is then introduced to functions and methods of specifying them; notation for and classification of functions; and elementary investigation of functions. Subsequent chapters focus on limits and rules for passage to the limit; the concepts of derivatives and differentials in differential calculus; definite and indefinite integrals and applications of integrals; and numerical, functional, and power series.This monograph will be a valuable resource for engineers, mathematicians, and students of engineering and mathematics.
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A Collection of Problems on a Course of Mathematical Analysis is a collection of systematically selected problems and exercises (with corresponding solutions) in mathematical analysis. A common instruction precedes a group of problems of the same type. Problems with a physics content are preceded by the necessary physical laws. In the case of more or less difficult problems, hints are given in the answers.This book is comprised of 15 chapters and begins with an overview of functions and methods of specifying them; notation for and classification of functions; elementary investigation of functions; and trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions. The following chapters deal with limits and tests for their existence; differential calculus, with emphasis on derivatives and differentials; functions and curves; definite and indefinite integrals; and methods of evaluating definite integrals. Some applications of the integral in geometry, statics, and physics are also considered; along with functions of several variables; multiple integrals and iterated integration; line and surface integrals; and differential equations. The final chapter is devoted to trigonometric series.This monograph is intended for students studying mathematical analysis within the framework of a technical college course.
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Calculus of Variations aims to provide an understanding of the basic notions and standard methods of the calculus of variations, including the direct methods of solution of the variational problems. The wide variety of applications of variational methods to different fields of mechanics and technology has made it essential for engineers to learn the fundamentals of the calculus of variations. The book begins with a discussion of the method of variation in problems with fixed boundaries. Subsequent chapters cover variational problems with movable boundaries and some other problems; sufficiency conditions for an extremum; variational problems of constrained extrema; and direct methods of solving variational problems. Each chapter is illustrated by a large number of problems some of which are taken from existing textbooks. The solutions to the problems in each chapter are provided at the end of the book.
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Mathematical Games and Pastimes focuses on numerical solutions to mathematical games and pastimes. The book first discusses the binary system of notation and the system of notation with the base three. Congruences, Pythagorean and Heronic triples, and arithmetical pastimes are explained. The text takes a look at the nature of numerical tricks. Guessing the results of operations with unknown numbers; determination of numbers thought of using three tables; and extraction of roots of multidigit numbers are explained. The selection also touches on rapid calculations, games with piles of objects, Meleda, solitaire, and Lucas'' game. Problems on determining ways to reach goals are also presented. Games that show the numerous ways to reach goals are discussed. The text also examines Euler squares, dominoes, and problems related to the chess board. Pastimes related to objects changing places are also highlighted. Topics include Lucas'' problem, Ruma, and Monge''s shuffle. The book is highly recommended for readers wanting to find solutions to mathematical games and pastimes.
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Analytical Quadrics focuses on the analytical geometry of three dimensions. The book first discusses the theory of the plane, sphere, cone, cylinder, straight line, and central quadrics in their standard forms. The idea of the plane at infinity is introduced through the homogenous Cartesian coordinates and applied to the nature of the intersection of three planes and to the circular sections of quadrics. The text also focuses on paraboloid, including polar properties, center of a section, axes of plane section, and generators of hyperbolic paraboloid. The book also touches on homogenous coordinates. Concerns include intersection of three planes; circular sections of central quadric; straight line; and circle at infinity. The book also discusses general quadric and classification and reduction of quadric. Discussions also focus on linear systems of quadrics and plane-coordinates. The text is a valuable reference for readers interested in the analytical geometry of three dimensions.
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The Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis, Volume 1 is a textbook that provides a systematic and rigorous treatment of the fundamentals of mathematical analysis. Emphasis is placed on the concept of limit which plays a principal role in mathematical analysis. Examples of the application of mathematical analysis to geometry, mechanics, physics, and engineering are given. This volume is comprised of 14 chapters and begins with a discussion on real numbers, their properties and applications, and arithmetical operations over real numbers. The reader is then introduced to the concept of function, important classes of functions, and functions of one variable; the theory of limits and the limit of a function, monotonic functions, and the principle of convergence; and continuous functions of one variable. A systematic account of the differential and integral calculus is then presented, paying particular attention to differentiation of functions of one variable; investigation of the behavior of functions by means of derivatives; functions of several variables; and differentiation of functions of several variables. The remaining chapters focus on the concept of a primitive function (and of an indefinite integral); definite integral; geometric applications of integral and differential calculus. This book is intended for first- and second-year mathematics students.
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International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 62: A Course of Higher Mathematics, V: Integration and Functional Analysis focuses on the theory of functions. The book first discusses the Stieltjes integral. Concerns include sets and their powers, Darboux sums, improper Stieltjes integral, jump functions, Helly''s theorem, and selection principles. The text then takes a look at set functions and the Lebesgue integral. Operations on sets, measurable sets, properties of closed and open sets, criteria for measurability, and exterior measure and its properties are discussed. The text also examines set functions, absolute continuity, and generalization of the integral. Absolutely continuous set functions; absolutely continuous functions of several variables; supplementary propositions; and the properties of the Hellinger integral are presented. The text also focuses on metric and normed spaces. Separability, compactness, linear functionals, conjugate spaces, and operators in normed spaces are underscored. The book also discusses Hilbert space. Linear functionals, projections, axioms of the space, sequences of operators, and weak convergence are described. The text is a valuable source of information for students and mathematicians interested in studying the theory of functions.
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International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 59: A Course of Higher Mathematics, III/I: Linear Algebra focuses on algebraic methods. The book first ponders on the properties of determinants and solution of systems of equations. The text then gives emphasis to linear transformations and quadratic forms. Topics include coordinate transformations in three-dimensional space; covariant and contravariant affine vectors; unitary and orthogonal transformations; and basic matrix calculus. The selection also focuses on basic theory of groups and linear representations of groups. Representation of a group by linear transformations; linear representations of the unitary group in two variables; linear representations of the rotation group; and Abelian groups and representations of the first degree are discussed. Other considerations include integration over groups, Lorentz transformations, permutations, and classes and normal subgroups. The text is a vital source of information for students, mathematicians, and physicists.
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Concise Vector Analysis is a five-chapter introductory account of the methods and techniques of vector analysis. These methods are indispensable tools in mathematics, physics, and engineering. The book is based on lectures given by the author in the University of Ceylon. The first two chapters deal with vector algebra. These chapters particularly present the addition, representation, and resolution of vectors. The next two chapters examine the various aspects and specificities of vector calculus. The last chapter looks into some standard applications of vector algebra and calculus. This book will prove useful to applied mathematicians, students, and researchers.
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Lectures in General Algebra is a translation from the Russian and is based on lectures on specialized courses in general algebra at Moscow University. The book starts with the basics of algebra. The text briefly describes the theory of sets, binary relations, equivalence relations, partial ordering, minimum condition, and theorems equivalent to the axiom of choice. The text gives the definition of binary algebraic operation and the concepts of groups, groupoids, and semigroups. The book examines the parallelism between the theory of groups and the theory of rings; such examinations show the convenience of constructing a single theory from the results of group experiments and ring experiments which are known to follow simple corollaries. The text also presents algebraic structures that are not of binary nature. From this parallelism arise other concepts, such as that of the lattices, complete lattices, and modular lattices. The book then proves the Schmidt-Ore theorem, and also describes linear algebra, as well as the Birkhoff-Witt theorem on Lie algebras. The text also addresses ordered groups, the Archimedean groups and rings, and Albert''s theorem on normed algebras. This book can prove useful for algebra students and for professors of algebra and advanced mathematicians.
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Sets: Naïve, Axiomatic and Applied is a basic compendium on naïve, axiomatic, and applied set theory and covers topics ranging from Boolean operations to union, intersection, and relative complement as well as the reflection principle, measurable cardinals, and models of set theory. Applications of the axiom of choice are also discussed, along with infinite games and the axiom of determinateness. Comprised of three chapters, this volume begins with an overview of naïve set theory and some important sets and notations. The equality of sets, subsets, and ordered pairs are considered, together with equivalence relations and real numbers. The next chapter is devoted to axiomatic set theory and discusses the axiom of regularity, induction and recursion, and ordinal and cardinal numbers. In the final chapter, applications of set theory are reviewed, paying particular attention to filters, Boolean algebra, and inductive definitions together with trees and the Borel hierarchy. This book is intended for non-logicians, students, and working and teaching mathematicians.
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International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 103: Stochastic Theory of Service Systems focuses on the principles, methodologies, and approaches involved in the stochastic theory of service systems. The publication first examines the general description of service systems, characteristics of the arrival process, standard cases, and the distribution of waiting-times in the system M/M/c-delay. Discussions focus on "random" condition, probability of delay and average waiting-time for the system M/M/c-delay, Engset formula, and probability of blocking for the system M/M/c-blocking. The text then examines general holding-time assumption, non-stationary behavior, and priority. Topics include pre-emptive priority, transient behavior of the system M/G/1-delay, Markov process with a finite number of states, and hyperexponential distributions. The manuscript takes a look at simulation, arrival and service in batches, and restricted availability, including approximate determination of probabilities of blocking, "unscheduled ferry problem", principles of roulette simulation, and implementation of randomness. The publication is a dependable source material for researchers interested in the stochastic theory of service systems.
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Lambda-Matrices and Vibrating Systems presents aspects and solutions to problems concerned with linear vibrating systems with a finite degrees of freedom and the theory of matrices. The book discusses some parts of the theory of matrices that will account for the solutions of the problems. The text starts with an outline of matrix theory, and some theorems are proved. The Jordan canonical form is also applied to understand the structure of square matrices. Classical theorems are discussed further by applying the Jordan canonical form, the Rayleigh quotient, and simple matrix pencils with latent vectors in common. The book then expounds on Lambda matrices and on some numerical methods for Lambda matrices. These methods explain developments of known approximations and rates of convergence. The text then addresses general solutions for simultaneous ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. The results of some of the studies are then applied to the theory of vibration by applying the Lagrange method for formulating equations of motion, after the formula establishing the energies and dissipation functions are completed. The book describes the theory of resonance testing using the stationary phase method, where the test is carried out by applying certain forces to the structure being studied, and the amplitude of response in the structure is measured. The book also discusses other difficult problems. The text can be used by physicists, engineers, mathematicians, and designers of industrial equipment that incorporates motion in the design.
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Regular Figures concerns the systematology and genetics of regular figures. The first part of the book deals with the classical theory of the regular figures. This topic includes description of plane ornaments, spherical arrangements, hyperbolic tessellations, polyhedral, and regular polytopes. The problem of geometry of the sphere and the two-dimensional hyperbolic space are considered. Classical theory is explained as describing all possible symmetrical groupings in different spaces of constant curvature. The second part deals with the genetics of the regular figures and the inequalities found in polygons; also presented as examples are the packing and covering problems of a given circle using the most or least number of discs. The problem of distributing n points on the sphere for these points to be placed as far as possible from each other is also discussed. The theories and problems discussed are then applied to pollen-grains, which are transported by animals or the wind. A closer look into the exterior composition of the grain shows many characteristics of uniform distribution of orifices, as well as irregular distribution. A formula that calculates such packing density is then explained. More advanced problems such as the genetics of the protean regular figures of higher spaces are also discussed. The book is ideal for physicists, mathematicians, architects, and students and professors in geometry.
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A Selection of Problems in the Theory of Numbers focuses on mathematical problems within the boundaries of geometry and arithmetic, including an introduction to prime numbers. This book discusses the conjecture of Goldbach; hypothesis of Gilbreath; decomposition of a natural number into prime factors; simple theorem of Fermat; and Lagrange''s theorem. The decomposition of a prime number into the sum of two squares; quadratic residues; Mersenne numbers; solution of equations in prime numbers; and magic squares formed from prime numbers are also elaborated in this text. This publication is a good reference for students majoring in mathematics, specifically on arithmetic and geometry.
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Elements of Analytical Dynamics deals with dynamics, which studies the relationship between motion of material bodies and the forces acting on them. This book is a compilation of lectures given by the author at the Georgia and Institute of Technology and formed a part of a course in Topological Dynamics. The book begins by discussing the notions of space and time and their basic properties. It then discusses the Hamilton-Jacobi theory and Hamilton''s principle and first integrals. The text concludes with a discussion on Jacobi''s geometric interpretation of conservative systems. This book will be of direct use to graduate students of Mathematics with minimal background in Theoretical Mechanics.
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Homology Theory on Algebraic Varieties, Volume 6 deals with the principles of homology theory in algebraic geometry and includes the main theorems first formulated by Lefschetz, one of which is interpreted in terms of relative homology and another concerns the Poincaré formula. The actual details of the proofs of these theorems are introduced by geometrical descriptions, sometimes aided with diagrams. This book is comprised of eight chapters and begins with a discussion on linear sections of an algebraic variety, with emphasis on the fibring of a variety defined over the complex numbers. The next two chapters focus on singular sections and hyperplane sections, focusing on the choice of a pencil in the latter case. The reader is then introduced to Lefschetz''s first and second theorems, together with their corresponding proofs. The Poincaré formula and its proof are also presented, with particular reference to clockwise and anti-clockwise isomorphisms. The final chapter is devoted to invariant cycles and relative cycles. This volume will be of interest to students, teachers, and practitioners of pure and applied mathematics.
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Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics, 2nd Edition provides an account of some basic concepts in modern mathematics. The book is primarily intended for mathematics teachers and lay people who wants to improve their skills in mathematics. Among the concepts and problems presented in the book include the determination of which integral polynomials have integral solutions; sentence logic and informal set theory; and why four colors is enough to color a map. Unlike in the first edition, the second edition provides detailed solutions to exercises contained in the text. Mathematics teachers and people who want to gain a thorough understanding of the fundamental concepts of mathematics will find this book a good reference.
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The Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis, Volume 2 is a continuation of the discussion of the fundamentals of mathematical analysis, specifically on the subject of curvilinear and surface integrals, with emphasis on the difference between the curvilinear and surface ""integrals of first kind"" and ""integrals of second kind."" The discussions in the book start with an introduction to the elementary concepts of series of numbers, infinite sequences and their limits, and the continuity of the sum of a series. The definition of improper integrals of unbounded functions and that of uniform convergence of integrals are explained. Curvilinear integrals of the first and second kinds are analyzed mathematically. The book then notes the application of surface integrals, through a parametric representation of a surface, and the calculation of the mass of a solid. The text also highlights that Green''s formula, which connects a double integral over a plane domain with curvilinear integral along the contour of the domain, has an analogue in Ostrogradski''s formula. The periodic values and harmonic analysis such as that found in the operation of a steam engine are analyzed. The volume ends with a note of further developments in mathematical analysis, which is a chronological presentation of important milestones in the history of analysis. The book is an ideal reference for mathematicians, students, and professors of calculus and advanced mathematics.
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Theory of Automata deals with mathematical aspects of the theory of automata theory, with emphasis on the finite deterministic automaton as the basic model. All other models, such as finite non-deterministic and probabilistic automata as well as pushdown and linear bounded automata, are treated as generalizations of this basic model. The formalism chosen to describe finite deterministic automata is that of regular expressions. A detailed exposition regarding this formalism is presented by considering the algebra of regular expressions. This volume is comprised of four chapters and begins with a discussion on finite deterministic automata, paying particular attention to regular and finite languages; analysis and synthesis theorems; equivalence relations induced by languages; sequential machines; sequential functions and relations; definite languages and non-initial automata; and two-way automata. The next chapter describes finite non-deterministic and probabilistic automata and covers theorems concerning stochastic languages; non-regular stochastic languages; and probabilistic sequential machines. The book then introduces the reader to the algebra of regular expressions before concluding with a chapter on formal languages and generalized automata. Theoretical exercises are included, along with ""problems"" at the end of some sections. This monograph will be a useful resource for beginning graduate or advanced undergraduates of mathematics.
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Functions of a Complex Variable and Some of Their Applications, Volume 1, discusses the fundamental ideas of the theory of functions of a complex variable. The book is the result of a complete rewriting and revision of a translation of the second (1957) Russian edition. Numerous changes and additions have been made, both in the text and in the solutions of the Exercises. The book begins with a review of arithmetical operations with complex numbers. Separate chapters discuss the fundamentals of complex analysis; the concept of conformal transformations; the most important of the elementary functions; and the complex potential for a plane vector field and the application of the simplest methods of function theory to the analysis of such a field. Subsequent chapters cover the fundamental apparatus of the theory of regular functions, i.e. basic integral theorems and expansions in series; the general concept of an analytic function; applications of the theory of residues; and polygonal domain mapping. This book is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of higher technical institutes and for engineers wishing to increase their knowledge of theory.
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Direct and Converse Theorems: The Elements of Symbolic Logic, Third Edition explains the logical relations between direct, converse, inverse, and inverse converse theorems, as well as the concept of necessary and sufficient conditions. This book consists of two chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the question of negation. Connected with the question of the negation of a proposition are interrelations of the direct and converse and also of the direct and inverse theorems; the interrelations of necessary and sufficient conditions; and the definition of the locus of a point. The second chapter explains several questions of mathematical logic–a science that is being developed in connection with the theory of mathematical proof. This edition is provided with a large number of problems and questions to help easily understand the material. The book is intended for students studying mathematics, specifically at intermediate colleges of various types. The text is also a useful reference for university students and teachers.
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International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 54: Integration of Equations of Parabolic Type by the Method of Nets deals with solving parabolic partial differential equations using the method of nets. The first part of this volume focuses on the construction of net equations, with emphasis on the stability and accuracy of the approximating net equations. The method of nets or method of finite differences (used to define the corresponding numerical method in ordinary differential equations) is one of many different approximate methods of integration of partial differential equations. The other methods, and some based on newer equations, are described. By analyzing these newer methods, older and existing methods are evaluated. For example, the asymmetric net equations; the alternating method of using certain equations; and the method of mean arithmetic and multi-nodal symmetric method point out that when the accuracy needs to be high, the requirements for stability become more defined. The methods discussed are very theoretical and methodological. The second part of the book concerns the practical numerical solution of the equations posed in Part I. Emphasis is on the commonly used iterative methods that are programmable on computers. This book is suitable for statisticians and numerical analysts and is also recommended for scientists and engineers with general mathematical knowledge.
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The Theory of Finitely Generated Commutative Semigroups describes a theory of finitely generated commutative semigroups which is founded essentially on a single "fundamental theorem" and exhibits resemblance in many respects to the algebraic theory of numbers. The theory primarily involves the investigation of the F-congruences (F is the the free semimodule of the rank n, where n is a given natural number). As applications, several important special cases are given.This volume is comprised of five chapters and begins with preliminaries on finitely generated commutative semigroups before turning to a discussion of the problem of determining all the F-congruences as the fundamental problem of the proposed theory. The next chapter lays down the foundations of the theory by defining the kernel functions and the fundamental theorem. The elementary properties of the kernel functions are then considered, along with the ideal theory of free semimodules of finite rank. The final chapter deals with the isomorphism problem of the theory, which is solved by reducing it to the determination of the equivalent kernel functions.This book should be of interest to mathematicians as well as students of pure and applied mathematics.
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Mathematical Analysis: Differentiation and Integration is devoted to two basic operations of mathematical analysis, differentiation and integration. The problems directly connected with the operations of differentiation and integration of functions of one or several variables are discussed, together with elementary generalizations of these operations. This volume is comprised of seven chapters and begins by considering the differentiation of functions of one variable and of n variables, paying particular attention to derivatives and differentials as well as their properties. The next chapter deals with composite and implicit functions of n variables in connection with differentiation, along with the representation of functions in the form of superpositions. Subsequent chapters offer detailed accounts of systems of functions and curvilinear coordinates in a plane and in space; the integration of functions; and improper integrals. The final chapter examines the transformation of differential and integral expressions. This book will be a useful resource for mathematicians and mathematics students.
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Foundations of Galois Theory is an introduction to group theory, field theory, and the basic concepts of abstract algebra. The text is divided into two parts. Part I presents the elements of Galois Theory, in which chapters are devoted to the presentation of the elements of field theory, facts from the theory of groups, and the applications of Galois Theory. Part II focuses on the development of general Galois Theory and its use in the solution of equations by radicals. Equations that are solvable by radicals; the construction of equations solvable by radicals; and the unsolvability by radicals of the general equation of degree n ? 5 are discussed as well. Mathematicians, physicists, researchers, and students of mathematics will find this book highly useful.
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Residuation Theory aims to contribute to literature in the field of ordered algebraic structures, especially on the subject of residual mappings. The book is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on ordered sets; directed sets; semilattices; lattices; and complete lattices. Chapter 2 tackles Baer rings; Baer semigroups; Foulis semigroups; residual mappings; the notion of involution; and Boolean algebras. Chapter 3 covers residuated groupoids and semigroups; group homomorphic and isotone homomorphic Boolean images of ordered semigroups; Dubreil-Jacotin and Brouwer semigroups; and lolimorphisms. The book is a self-contained and unified introduction to residual mappings and its related concepts. It is applicable as a textbook and reference book for mathematicians who plan to learn more about the subject.
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Multidimensional Singular Integrals and Integral Equations presents the results of the theory of multidimensional singular integrals and of equations containing such integrals. Emphasis is on singular integrals taken over Euclidean space or in the closed manifold of Liapounov and equations containing such integrals. This volume is comprised of eight chapters and begins with an overview of some theorems on linear equations in Banach spaces, followed by a discussion on the simplest properties of multidimensional singular integrals. Subsequent chapters deal with compounding of singular integrals; properties of the symbol, with particular reference to Fourier transform of a kernel and the symbol of a singular operator; singular integrals in Lp spaces; and singular integral equations. The differentiation of integrals with a weak singularity is also considered, along with the rule for the multiplication of the symbols in the general case. The final chapter describes several applications of multidimensional singular integral equations to boundary problems in mathematical physics. This book will be of interest to mathematicians and students of mathematics.