Ivan E. Frolov – författare

Theareanorthwardof50 N. Source:AMAP(2003). EstablishmentinMay,1937,ofthe?rstdrifting'NorthPole-1'(NP-1)stationin the Arctic Ocean and organization of the ?rst 'Sever' airborne high-latidudinal expedition(AHE)continuedtheSecondIPYinthestudyoftheArctic.Theexpe- ence of these expeditions convincingly proved the possibility of organizing and conducting(directlyfromtheice)long-termcomplexmeteorological,oceanographic andiceobservations. WorldWarIIinterruptedforalongtimethelarge-scalestudiesintheArctic. The'Sever'AHEswereresumedin1948,andorganizationofdriftingstationsin 1950. Todate,whilsttheRussianresearch'NP-33'stationdriftsinthevicinityofthe NorthPole,itcanbestatedthatourknowledgeoftheArcticOceanforthelast70 yearshasachievedaleveldi?eringlittlefromthelevelofknowledgeoftheother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

In this book the eminent authors analyse the ice cover variability in the Arctic Seas during the 20th and early 21st centuries. In the first two chapters, they show that multi-year changes of the sea-ice extent in the Arctic Seas were formed by linear trends and long-term (climatic) cycles lasting about 10, 20 and 60 years. The structure of temporal variability of the western region (Greenland – Kara) differs significantly from the eastern region seas (Laptev and Chukchi). In the latter region, unlike the former area, relatively short-period cycles (up to 10 years) predominate. The linear trends can be related to a super-secular cycle of climatic changes over about 200 years. The most significant of these cycles, lasting 60 years, is most pronounced in the western region seas.

Theareanorthwardof50 N. Source:AMAP(2003). EstablishmentinMay,1937,ofthe?rstdrifting'NorthPole-1'(NP-1)stationin the Arctic Ocean and organization of the ?rst 'Sever' airborne high-latidudinal expedition(AHE)continuedtheSecondIPYinthestudyoftheArctic.Theexpe- ence of these expeditions convincingly proved the possibility of organizing and conducting(directlyfromtheice)long-termcomplexmeteorological,oceanographic andiceobservations. WorldWarIIinterruptedforalongtimethelarge-scalestudiesintheArctic. The'Sever'AHEswereresumedin1948,andorganizationofdriftingstationsin 1950. Todate,whilsttheRussianresearch'NP-33'stationdriftsinthevicinityofthe NorthPole,itcanbestatedthatourknowledgeoftheArcticOceanforthelast70 yearshasachievedaleveldi?eringlittlefromthelevelofknowledgeoftheother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