Ivar Ekeland – författare

Optimists believe this is the best of all possible worlds. And pessimists fear that might really be the case. But what is the best of all possible worlds? How do we define it? This question has preoccupied philosophers and theologians for ages, but there was a time, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when scientists and mathematicians felt they could provide the answer. This book is their story. Ivar Ekeland here takes the reader on a journey through scientific attempts to envision the best of all possible worlds. He begins with the French physicist Maupertuis, whose least action principle, Ekeland shows, was a pivotal breakthrough in mathematics, because it was the first expression of the concept of optimization, or the creation of systems that are the most efficient or functional. Tracing the profound impact of optimization and the unexpected ways in which it has influenced the study of mathematics, biology, economics, and even politics, Ekeland reveals how the idea has driven some of our greatest intellectual breakthroughs. The result is a dazzling display of erudition - one that will be essential reading for popular-science buffs and historians of science alike.

In this volume, Ekeland and Turnbull are mainly concerned with existence theory. They seek to determine whether, when given an optimization problem consisting of minimizing a functional over some feasible set, an optimal solution—a minimizer—may be found.

"Not the least unexpected thing about Mathematics and the Unexpected is that a real mathematician should write not just a literate work, but a literary one."—Ian Stewart, New Scientist"In this brief, elegant treatise, assessable to anyone who likes to think, Ivar Ekelund explains some philosophical implications of recent mathematics. He examines randomness, the geometry involved in making predictions, and why general trends are easy to project (it will snow in January) but particulars are practically impossible (it will snow from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. on the 21st)."—Village Voice

No one working in duality should be without a copy of this book. It contains different developments of infinite dimensional convex programming in the context of convex analysis, including duality, minmax and Lagrangians, and convexification of nonconvex optimization problems in the calculus of variations (infinite dimension). It also includes the theory of convex duality applied to partial differential equations; no other reference presents this in a systematic way. The minmax theorems contained in this book have many useful applications, in particular the robust control of partial differential equations in finite time horizon. This SIAM Classics in Applied Mathematics edition contains the original text along with a new preface and some additional references.

L’industrie financière a rendu la spéculation accessible à tous, comptant sur la « sagesse des foules » pour réguler les marchés. Mais cette sagesse n’est pas toujours au rendez-vous : de la folie des tulipes en Hollande en 1637 à la crise des subprimes de 2008, les exemples sont nombreux de bulles spéculatives qui éclatent ! La passionnante histoire de la spéculation, relatée ici, n’est pas avare de surprises. Parmi elles, la plus paradoxale est que la spéculation financière peut aussi bien être bénéfique que néfaste. À petite dose, elle améliore le partage des risques dans l’économie et contribue au financement des innovations. À forte dose, elle provoque des crises financières très coûteuses pour la société. De même que l’on limite la vitesse sur les routes pour éviter les accidents, il faut limiter la spéculation financière, et pour cela il faut la taxer. À la suite de la crise des subprimes, qui a provoqué une récession mondiale, la Commission européenne avait projeté de mettre en place une taxe sur certaines transactions financières jugées spéculatives. Mais il est très difficile de distinguer les transactions spéculatives de celles qui ne le sont pas. Les auteurs proposent ici une solution applicable à toutes les transactions ; elle aurait un impact très faible sur la vie quotidienne, mais frapperait lourdement les transactions les plus spéculatrices. Le remède aux excès de la spéculation financière existe. Il reste à l’appliquer… de toute urgence. Ivar Ekeland, mathématicien et économiste, a présidé l’université Paris-Dauphine et dirigé le Pacific Institute of Mathematical Sciences de Vancouver. Jean-Charles Rochet, professeur d’économie à l’Université de Genève, est chercheur associé à la Toulouse School of Economics et professeur invité au MIT.

Une malheureuse grenouille mise à cuire dans une marmite tolère une élévation régulière de la température de l’eau, alors qu’un ébouillantement brutal la ferait réagir aussitôt. De même, le réchauffement climatique est insidieux : il n’est perceptible qu’à l’échelle de la décennie, voire du siècle, n’implique aucune décision urgente et, de fait, est régulièrement repoussé sur l’agenda des politiques dont l’horizon excède rarement quelques années. Or, dans le domaine de l’environnement, le délai entre l’action et son impact est au minimum de cinquante ans. Seul un point de vue éthique et anthropologique prenant en compte la survie de l’espèce humaine pourrait résoudre le dilemme, mais en tant qu’Homo œconomicus nous sommes des individus calculateurs agissant par intérêt personnel, et pour lesquels l’environnement est une ressource infinie et gratuite. Dans le jeu économique ordinaire, il n’y a pas de « taux d’intérêt écologique », comme le montre l’inéluctable disparition, sous l’effet des lois économiques, des ressources halieutiques. C’est donc à une conception plus large de l’humanité et à un renouveau de l’éthique que nous convie l’auteur, à défaut de voir l’espèce humaine, victime de la pensée économique, partager le triste sort de la morue, du thon rouge... et de la grenouille. Mathématicien et économiste, Ivar Ekeland a participé à la chaire Finance et développement durable de l’université Paris-Dauphine, qu’il a présidée. Il est l’auteur de nombreux ouvrages de vulgarisation.

The Paris-Princeton Lectures in Financial Mathematics, of which this is the second volume, will, on an annual basis, publish cutting-edge research in self-contained, expository articles from outstanding - established or upcoming! - specialists. The aim is to produce a series of articles that can serve as an introductory reference for research in the field. It arises as a result of frequent exchanges between the finance and financial mathematics groups in Paris and Princeton. This volume presents the following articles: "Hedging of Defaultable Claims" by T. Bielecki, M. Jeanblanc, and M. Rutkowski; "On the Geometry of Interest Rate Models" by T. Björk;  "Heterogeneous Beliefs, Speculation and Trading in Financial Markets" by J.A. Scheinkman, and W. Xiong.

The Paris-Princeton Lectures in Financial Mathematics, of which this is the first volume, will, on an annual basis, publish cutting-edge research in self-contained, expository articles from outstanding - established or upcoming! - specialists. The aim is to produce a series of articles that can serve as an introductory reference for research in the field. It arises as a result of frequent exchanges between the finance and financial mathematics groups in Paris and Princeton. The present volume sets standards with articles by P. Bank/H. Föllmer, F. Baudoin, L.C.G. Rogers, and M. Soner/N. Touzi.

This is the third volume in "The Paris-Princeton Lectures in Financial Mathematics", which publishes, on an annual basis, cutting-edge research in self-contained, expository articles from outstanding specialists, both established and upcoming. Coverage includes articles by Rene Carmona, Ivar Ekeland/Erik Taflin, Arturo Kohatsu-Higa, Pierre-Louis Lions/Jean-Michel Lasry, and Huyen Pham.

The Paris-Princeton Lectures in Financial Mathematics, of which this is the fourth volume, publish cutting-edge research in self-contained, expository articles from outstanding specialists - established or on the rise! The aim is to produce a series of articles that can serve as an introductory reference source for research in the field. The articles are the result of frequent exchanges between the finance and financial mathematics groups in Paris and Princeton. The present volume sets standards with five articles by:1. Areski Cousin, Monique Jeanblanc and Jean-Paul Laurent, 2. Stéphane Crépey, 3. Olivier Guéant, Jean-Michel Lasry and Pierre-Louis Lions, 4. David Hobson and 5. Peter Tankov.

The Paris-Princeton Lectures in Financial Mathematics, of which this is the fourth volume, publish cutting-edge research in self-contained, expository articles from outstanding specialists - established or on the rise! The aim is to produce a series of articles that can serve as an introductory reference source for research in the field. The articles are the result of frequent exchanges between the finance and financial mathematics groups in Paris and Princeton. The present volume sets standards with five articles by:1. Areski Cousin, Monique Jeanblanc and Jean-Paul Laurent, 2. Stéphane Crépey, 3. Olivier Guéant, Jean-Michel Lasry and Pierre-Louis Lions, 4. David Hobson and 5. Peter Tankov.

In the case of completely integrable systems, periodic solutions are found by inspection. For nonintegrable systems, such as the three-body problem in celestial mechanics, they are found by perturbation theory: there is a small parameter € in the problem, the mass of the perturbing body for instance, and for € = 0 the system becomes completely integrable. One then tries to show that its periodic solutions will subsist for € -# 0 small enough. Poincare also introduced global methods, relying on the topological properties of the flow, and the fact that it preserves the 2-form L~=l dPi 1\ dqi'' The most celebrated result he obtained in this direction is his last geometric theorem, which states that an area-preserving map of the annulus which rotates the inner circle and the outer circle in opposite directions must have two fixed points. And now another ancient theme appear: the least action principle. It states that the periodic solutions of a Hamiltonian system are extremals of a suitable integral over closed curves. In other words, the problem is variational. This fact was known to Fermat, and Maupertuis put it in the Hamiltonian formalism. In spite of its great aesthetic appeal, the least action principle has had little impact in Hamiltonian mechanics. There is, of course, one exception, Emmy Noether''s theorem, which relates integrals ofthe motion to symmetries of the equations. But until recently, no periodic solution had ever been found by variational methods.

In the case of completely integrable systems, periodic solutions are found by inspection. For nonintegrable systems, such as the three-body problem in celestial mechanics, they are found by perturbation theory: there is a small parameter € in the problem, the mass of the perturbing body for instance, and for € = 0 the system becomes completely integrable. One then tries to show that its periodic solutions will subsist for € -# 0 small enough. Poincare also introduced global methods, relying on the topological properties of the flow, and the fact that it preserves the 2-form L~=l dPi 1\ dqi' The most celebrated result he obtained in this direction is his last geometric theorem, which states that an area-preserving map of the annulus which rotates the inner circle and the outer circle in opposite directions must have two fixed points. And now another ancient theme appear: the least action principle. It states that the periodic solutions of a Hamiltonian system are extremals of a suitable integral over closed curves. In other words, the problem is variational. This fact was known to Fermat, and Maupertuis put it in the Hamiltonian formalism. In spite of its great aesthetic appeal, the least action principle has had little impact in Hamiltonian mechanics. There is, of course, one exception, Emmy Noether's theorem, which relates integrals ofthe motion to symmetries of the equations. But until recently, no periodic solution had ever been found by variational methods.

During the academic year 1995/96, I was invited by the Scuola Normale Superiore to give a series of lectures. The purpose of these notes is to make the underlying economic problems and the mathematical theory of exterior differential systems accessible to a larger number of people. It is the purpose of these notes to go over these results at a more leisurely pace, keeping in mind that mathematicians are not familiar with economic theory and that very few people have read Elie Cartan.