J. F. Bosher – författare

Bosher situates the revolutionary struggle not in an atmosphere of sharp class alignment, but instead with socially mixed and transient groupings. He goes deeply into the pre-Revolutionary period, examining the stresses in the social and political order of the ancien regime, as well as the ideas of the wealthy that circulated in the salons and permeated the journals and leaflets read by the populace.Central to the account is Professor Bosher's argument, novel and fully documented, that behind the tumult was a generation of revolutionaries whose revolution was not premeditated and a series of events that were anything but inevitable even once the powder keg was ignited.

The monarchy of Louis XVI suffered revolution and then destruction after failing to settle its financial difficulties. What precisely were those difficulties? In this book, Professor Bosher shows that the monarchy was financed by a chaotic system of private enterprise which proved increasingly unmanageable and wasteful. Hundreds of profit-seeking accountants - 'capitalists', in the language of the time - stood in the way of reform and even of clear accounting until governments of the French Revolution eventually nationalized the financial system and changed it 'from capitalism into a bureaucracy'. From his close study of the administrative changes Professor Bosher concludes that the National Assembly planned to guard the public finances by bureaucratic organization. 'With a vision of mechanical efficiency and articulation', he writes, 'systems of clock-like checks and balances such as eighteenth-century Frenchmen found everywhere, even in nature itself, the revolutionary planners hoped to prevent corruption, putting their faith in the virtues of organization to offset the vices of the individual men.'