Jacques-Louis Lions – författare

The behaviour of systems occurring in real life is often modelled by partial differential equations. This book investigates how a user or observer can influence the behaviour of such systems mathematically and computationally. A thorough mathematical analysis of controllability problems is combined with a detailed investigation of methods used to solve them numerically, these methods being validated by the results of numerical experiments. In Part I of the book the authors discuss the mathematics and numerics relating to the controllability of systems modelled by linear and non-linear diffusion equations; Part II is dedicated to the controllability of vibrating systems, typical ones being those modelled by linear wave equations; finally, Part III covers flow control for systems governed by the Navier-Stokes equations modelling incompressible viscous flow. The book is accessible to graduate students in applied and computational mathematics, engineering and physics; it will also be of use to more advanced practitioners.

S. Albertoni: Alcuni metodi di calcolo nella teoria della diffusione dei neutroni.- I. Babuska: Optimization and numerical stability in computations.- J.H. Bramble: Error estimates in elliptic boundary value problems.- G. Capriz: The numerical approach to hydrodynamic problems.- A. Dou: Energy inequalities in an elastic cylinder.- T. Doupont: On the existence of an iterative method for the solution of elliptic difference equation with an improved work estimate.- J. Douglas, J.R. Cannon: The approximation of harmonic and parabolic functions of half-spaces from interior data.- B.E. Hubbard: Error estimates in the fixed Membrane problem.- K. Jorgens: Calculation of the spectrum of a Schrödinger operator.- A. Lasota: Contingent equations and boundary value problems.- J.L. Lions: Réduction à des problèmes du type Cauchy-Kowalewska.- J.L. Lions: Problèmes aux limites non homogènes à données irrégulières; une méthode d’approximation.- J.L. Lions: Remarques sur l’approximation régularisée de problèmes aux limites.- W.V. Petryshyn: On the approximation-solvability of nonlinear functional equations in normed linear spaces.- P.A. Raviart: Approximation des équations d’évolution par des méthodes variationnelles.- M. Sibony, H. Brezis: Méthodes d’approximation et d’itération pour les operateurs monotones.- V. Thomee: Some topics in stability theory for partial difference operators.

S. Albertoni: Alcuni metodi di calcolo nella teoria della diffusione dei neutroni.- I. Babuska: Optimization and numerical stability in computations.- J.H. Bramble: Error estimates in elliptic boundary value problems.- G. Capriz: The numerical approach to hydrodynamic problems.- A. Dou: Energy inequalities in an elastic cylinder.- T. Doupont: On the existence of an iterative method for the solution of elliptic difference equation with an improved work estimate.- J. Douglas, J.R. Cannon: The approximation of harmonic and parabolic functions of half-spaces from interior data.- B.E. Hubbard: Error estimates in the fixed Membrane problem.- K. Jorgens: Calculation of the spectrum of a Schrödinger operator.- A. Lasota: Contingent equations and boundary value problems.- J.L. Lions: Réduction à des problèmes du type Cauchy-Kowalewska.- J.L. Lions: Problèmes aux limites non homogènes à données irrégulières; une méthode d’approximation.- J.L. Lions: Remarques sur l’approximation régularisée de problèmes aux limites.- W.V. Petryshyn: On the approximation-solvability of nonlinear functional equations in normed linear spaces.- P.A. Raviart: Approximation des équations d’évolution par des méthodes variationnelles.- M. Sibony, H. Brezis: Méthodes d’approximation et d’itération pour les operateurs monotones.- V. Thomee: Some topics in stability theory for partial difference operators.

1. The development of a theory of optimal control (deterministic) requires the following initial data: (i) a control u belonging to some set ilIi ad (the set of 'admissible controls') which is at our disposition, (ii) for a given control u, the state y(u) of the system which is to be controlled is given by the solution of an equation (*) Ay(u)=given function ofu where A is an operator (assumed known) which specifies the system to be controlled (A is the 'model' of the system), (iii) the observation z(u) which is a function of y(u) (assumed to be known exactly; we consider only deterministic problems in this book), (iv) the "cost function" J(u) ("economic function") which is defined in terms of a numerical function z-+

1. We describe, at first in a very formaI manner, our essential aim. n Let m be an op en subset of R , with boundary am. In m and on am we introduce, respectively, linear differential operators P and Qj'' 0 ~ i ~ ''V. By "non-homogeneous boundary value problem" we mean a problem of the following type: let f and gj'' 0 ~ i ~ ''v, be given in function space s F and G , F being a space" on m" and the G/ s spaces" on am" ; j we seek u in a function space u/t "on m" satisfying (1) Pu = f in m, (2) Qju = gj on am, 0 ~ i ~ ''v«])). Qj may be identically zero on part of am, so that the number of boundary conditions may depend on the part of am considered 2. We take as "working hypothesis" that, for fEF and gjEG , j the problem (1), (2) admits a unique solution u E U/t, which depends 3 continuously on the data . But for alllinear probIems, there is a large number of choiees for the space s u/t and {F; G} (naturally linke d together). j Generally speaking, our aim is to determine families of spaces ''ft and {F; G}, associated in a "natural" way with problem (1), (2) and con­ j venient for applications, and also all possible choiees for u/t and {F; G} j in these families.

1. We describe, at first in a very formaI manner, our essential aim. n Let m be an op en subset of R , with boundary am. In m and on am we introduce, respectively, linear differential operators P and Qj' 0 ~ i ~ 'V. By "non-homogeneous boundary value problem" we mean a problem of the following type: let f and gj' 0 ~ i ~ 'v, be given in function space s F and G , F being a space" on m" and the G/ s spaces" on am" ; j we seek u in a function space u/t "on m" satisfying (1) Pu = f in m, (2) Qju = gj on am, 0 ~ i ~ 'v«])). Qj may be identically zero on part of am, so that the number of boundary conditions may depend on the part of am considered 2. We take as "working hypothesis" that, for fEF and gjEG , j the problem (1), (2) admits a unique solution u E U/t, which depends 3 continuously on the data . But for alllinear probIems, there is a large number of choiees for the space s u/t and {F; G} (naturally linke d together). j Generally speaking, our aim is to determine families of spaces 'ft and {F; G}, associated in a "natural" way with problem (1), (2) and con­ j venient for applications, and also all possible choiees for u/t and {F; G} j in these families.

I. In this second volume, we continue at first the study of non­ homogeneous boundary value problems for particular classes of evolu­ tion equations. 1 In Chapter 4 , we study parabolic operators by the method of Agranovitch-Vishik [lJ; this is step (i) (Introduction to Volume I, Section 4), i.e. the study of regularity. The next steps: (ii) transposition, (iii) interpolation, are similar in principle to those of Chapter 2, but involve rather considerable additional technical difficulties. In Chapter 5, we study hyperbolic operators or operators well­ defined in thesense of Petrowski or Schroedinger. Our regularity results (step (i)) seem to be new. Steps (ii) and (iii) are all3.logous to those of the parabolic case, except for certain technical differences. In Chapter 6, the results of Chapter''> 4 and 5 are applied to the study of optimal control problems for systems governed by evolution equations, when the control appears in the boundary conditions (so that non-homogeneous boundary value problems are the basic tool of this theory). Another type of application, to the characterization of "all" well-posed problems for the operators in question, is given in the Ap­ pendix. Still other applications, for example to numerical analysis, will be given in Volume 3.

I. In this second volume, we continue at first the study of non­ homogeneous boundary value problems for particular classes of evolu­ tion equations. 1 In Chapter 4 , we study parabolic operators by the method of Agranovitch-Vishik [lJ; this is step (i) (Introduction to Volume I, Section 4), i.e. the study of regularity. The next steps: (ii) transposition, (iii) interpolation, are similar in principle to those of Chapter 2, but involve rather considerable additional technical difficulties. In Chapter 5, we study hyperbolic operators or operators well­ defined in thesense of Petrowski or Schroedinger. Our regularity results (step (i)) seem to be new. Steps (ii) and (iii) are all3.logous to those of the parabolic case, except for certain technical differences. In Chapter 6, the results of Chapter'> 4 and 5 are applied to the study of optimal control problems for systems governed by evolution equations, when the control appears in the boundary conditions (so that non-homogeneous boundary value problems are the basic tool of this theory). Another type of application, to the characterization of "all" well-posed problems for the operators in question, is given in the Ap­ pendix. Still other applications, for example to numerical analysis, will be given in Volume 3.

1. Our essential objective is the study of the linear, non-homogeneous problems: (1) Pu = I in CD, an open set in RN, (2) fQjtl = gj on am (boundary of m), lor on a subset of the boundm"J am 1 v, where Pis a linear differential operator in m and where the Q/s are linear differential operators on am. In Volumes 1 and 2, we studied, for particular c1asses of systems {P, Qj}, problem (1), (2) in c1asses of Sobolev spaces (in general constructed starting from P) of positive integer or (by interpolation) non-integer order; then, by transposition, in c1asses of Sobolev spaces of negative order, until, by passage to the limit on the order, we reached the spaces of distributions of finite order. In this volume, we study the analogous problems in spaces of inlinitely dilferentiable or analytic Itlnctions or of Gevrey-type I~mctions and by duality, in spaces 01 distribtltions, of analytic Itlnctionals or of Gevrey- type ultra-distributions. In this manner, we obtain a c1ear vision (at least we hope so) of the various possible formulations of the boundary value problems (1), (2) for the systems {P, Qj} considered here.