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The study of tourism is, arguably, ready for a thorough theoretical yet empirical analysis of the relationship between tourism and host communities. Pearce, Moscardo and Ross deal with the impacts tourism is having on communities internationally, going beyond a mere review of such impacts to investigate the origins, development and manifestations of community attitudes. A theoretical perspective is developed on how communities come to understand tourism and react to it. In terms of its disciplinary approaches the book combines social-psychological, sociological, economic and media analyses and can properly be termed a study within the new specialism of tourism. A number of yet-to-be-published studies of tourism and communities are reported on, and some large scale existing works on tourism and community reaction are reviewed and revisited.

This book is designed to give an overview and critical assessment of the developing field of tourism study in anthropology. It aims to engage the reader with questions that anthropologists have raised about tourist and the ways that they have dealt with them in their research. Basic research from three theoretical perspectives is reviewed and assessed: tourist as a form of development or acculturation, as a personal transition, and as a kind of social super structure. In later chapters, the applied side of the field is examined, including considerations of tourist policy and sustainable tourism development. Most chapters include summary case studies illustrating some of the important points under examination. The book concludes with a discussion of the integration of basic and applied approaches in the anthropological agenda on tourism and suggestions concerning the future course of study in the field.

The book opens with an account of recent developments in the economic, political and cultural sociology of international tourism and goes on to analyse the relationships between international tourism and the broad economic determinants of the world system. The book aims to understand "leisure migration" in two principal contexts: the socio-economic hierarchies of society, and the legacy of east-west political alliances. This novel theoretical synthesis combines data at the global, continental, and regional levels of tourism, focusing particularly on Austria and Hungary - one of the most exciting areas of Europe - where the social, political, cultural and economic boundaries of the emerging European integration are being contested and redrawn today. In adopting an eclectic research strategy, including historical narrative, content analysis, linguistic history, statistical modelling, and fieldwork observation, the book breaks new ground with regard to the empirical material it covers, and is a timely and relevant contribution to the advancement of this debate.

The interrelationship of religion and tourism has barely been touched upon in scholarly research. This book aims to present and analyze this relationship from sociological, economic and anthropological perspectives. The religious tourist and categories of religiously motivated tourism are delineated, and numerous contemporary issues worthy of attention and research are identified. This provides insights into the relationship between tourism and religion: suppression or encouragement of one by the other; potential and actual conflicts; their mutual casualty and impact; the expression of religious feeling or freedom; the touristic determinants of pilgrimages, etc. The author ends with his own observations and conclusions regarding the future of the relationship and its likely direction and development.

In western society it is taken for granted that tourism is a necessary element of contemporary lifestyle, but while many people recognize its importance, they are usually more concerned with its contribution to the economy than with its social, cultural, and political significance. As a social action, tourism is at least partly based on the appeal of distance in time, space, and culture, which offers people the opportunity to question conditions they take for granted, and, by distancing themselves from everyday life, to re-examine the meaning of their lives. Within a traditional society, however, the action of distancing from normality is usually negatively sanctioned. By contrast, under modernity people mostly have the necessary resources to transcend the everyday world through experiences which are at a distance from their daily lives. Tourism thus has much to do with the conditions and consequences of modernity and is, in short, an indicator of the ambivalence of modernity. It is from this perspective that this book attempts to broaden the established line of enquiry into the relationship between tourism and modernity. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 contextualizes tourism in terms of the relationship between Logos-modernity and Eros-modernity. Part 2 then deals with the relationship between modernity and the motivations and experiences of tourists. Finally, Part 3 focuses on the conditions of modernity that lure tourists towards leisure and pleasure travel.

Tourism and development are frequently mentioned together, yet the contribution of tourism to development in the Third World is controversial. This book provides an in depth study of Mexico's experience with the international tourism industry over the last 35 years of the 20th century. Beginning in the 1960s the Mexican government actively sought to export tourism services to foreigners as a conscious development strategy. The book traces government efforts and the developmental outcomes resulting from this policy of "exporting paradise".

"Identity Tourism: Imaging and Imagining the Nation" examines the role of tourism in the construction of national identity. To imagine a nation, nationalists must construct a national story about their history and culture that defines them as a people, and counters the negative story circulated by their enemies. One of the objectives of this book is to identify the necessary historical and cultural components of a compelling national story. Yet, a story is of no use unless it is heard, so nationalists need media through which the national narrative can be told.The principal objective of this book is to show that identity tourism is a medium that can be used to tell the national story, both to group members and outsiders. As such, it is particularly useful in the construction of a sense of national identity. Identity tourism, which incorporates both ethnic and heritage tourism, includes museums, heritage centers, performances, and other attractions in which collective identities are represented, interpreted, and potentially constructed through the use of history and culture.One of the strengths of tourism is that it can convey a message to a broad, mass audience, and it can present that message in a vivid and lively way. A weakness of tourism is that vivid and lively presentations can degenerate into trivializing history, culture and politics to the point that any meaningful message is lost.Thus one of the main challenges in identity tourism is to balance educational goals against the entertainment imperatives of the medium. This book explores these and other issues using observational and interview data primarily from Wales, where nationalism, identity and tourism have long been heatedly contested. A comparative perspective is provided through the use of secondary case studies examining Native American tourism in the United States and Canada, and tourism in Brittany and South Africa.

In fewer than three hundred years tourism has become a global service industry of great economic, cultural and political importance. Published to critical acclaim, the Encyclopedia of Tourism - now available as a Routledge World Reference title - is the definitive one-volume reference source to this challenging multisectoral industry and multi disciplinary field of study.Comprising over one thousand entries, this volume has been written by an international team of contributors to provide a comprehensive guide to both the manifest and hidden dimensions of tourism. It explores the wide range of definitions, concepts, perspectives and institutions and includes:comprehensive coverage of key issues and concepts definitions of all terms and acronymsentries on the significant institutions, associations and journals in the fieldcountry-specific tourism profiles, from Greece to Japan and Kenya to Peruthorough analysis of the trends and patterns of tourism development and growth.The extensive cross-referencing and comprehensive index will assist the reader in making links between the diverse aspects of tourism studies, and the suggestions for further reading are invaluable.

In fewer than three hundred years tourism has become a global service industry of great economic, cultural and political importance. Published to critical acclaim, the Encyclopedia of Tourism - now available as a Routledge World Reference title - is the definitive one-volume reference source to this challenging multisectoral industry and multi disciplinary field of study.Comprising over one thousand entries, this volume has been written by an international team of contributors to provide a comprehensive guide to both the manifest and hidden dimensions of tourism. It explores the wide range of definitions, concepts, perspectives and institutions and includes:comprehensive coverage of key issues and concepts definitions of all terms and acronymsentries on the significant institutions, associations and journals in the fieldcountry-specific tourism profiles, from Greece to Japan and Kenya to Peruthorough analysis of the trends and patterns of tourism development and growth.The extensive cross-referencing and comprehensive index will assist the reader in making links between the diverse aspects of tourism studies, and the suggestions for further reading are invaluable.

In fewer than three hundred years tourism has become a global service industry of great economic, cultural and political importance. Published to critical acclaim, the Encyclopedia of Tourism - now available as a Routledge World Reference title - is the definitive one-volume reference source to this challenging multisectoral industry and multi disciplinary field of study.

Comprising over one thousand entries, this volume has been written by an international team of contributors to provide a comprehensive guide to both the manifest and hidden dimensions of tourism. It explores the wide range of definitions, concepts, perspectives and institutions and includes:

comprehensive coverage of key issues and concepts definitions of all terms and acronyms entries on the significant institutions, associations and journals in the field country-specific tourism profiles, from Greece to Japan and Kenya to Peru thorough analysis of the trends and patterns of tourism development and growth.

The extensive cross-referencing and comprehensive index will assist the reader in making links between the diverse aspects of tourism studies, and the suggestions for further reading are invaluable.

In fewer than three hundred years tourism has become a global service industry of great economic, cultural and political importance. Published to critical acclaim, the Encyclopedia of Tourism - now available as a Routledge World Reference title - is the definitive one-volume reference source to this challenging multisectoral industry and multi disciplinary field of study.

Comprising over one thousand entries, this volume has been written by an international team of contributors to provide a comprehensive guide to both the manifest and hidden dimensions of tourism. It explores the wide range of definitions, concepts, perspectives and institutions and includes:

comprehensive coverage of key issues and concepts definitions of all terms and acronyms entries on the significant institutions, associations and journals in the field country-specific tourism profiles, from Greece to Japan and Kenya to Peru thorough analysis of the trends and patterns of tourism development and growth.

The extensive cross-referencing and comprehensive index will assist the reader in making links between the diverse aspects of tourism studies, and the suggestions for further reading are invaluable.

Sixty years after its birth, contemporary tourism is at crossroads. It has grown to become a key element of economic well-being, but it is threatened and threatening. Its enemies are congestion, destruction of natural and cultural environments, and social unrest. However, it also contributes its fair share to these evils. How can tourism really become a fulcrum for development and sustainability in the 21st century? This is a matter of crucial importance for entrepreneurs, governments, and civil society stakeholders, and Knowledge Management in Tourism: Policy and Governance Applications provides these key players with answers and queries, and above all with the strategic tools to understand and act. Knowledge Management in Tourism: Policy and Governance Applications is an indispensable instrument for everyone interested in the theory and practice of this very important human pursuit: the quest for effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of tourism activities in helping build the future of mankind.

Sixty years after its birth, contemporary tourism is at crossroads. It has grown to become a key element of economic well-being, but it is threatened and threatening. Its enemies are congestion, destruction of natural and cultural environments, and social unrest. However, it also contributes its fair share to these evils. How can tourism really become a fulcrum for development and sustainability in the 21st century? This is a matter of crucial importance for entrepreneurs, governments, and civil society stakeholders, and Knowledge Management in Tourism: Policy and Governance Applications provides these key players with answers and queries, and above all with the strategic tools to understand and act. Knowledge Management in Tourism: Policy and Governance Applications is an indispensable instrument for everyone interested in the theory and practice of this very important human pursuit: the quest for effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of tourism activities in helping build the future of mankind.

This encyclopedia is the most comprehensive and updated source of reference in tourism research and practice. It covers both traditional and emerging concepts and terms and is fully international in its scope. Some 769 entries by 871 internationally renowned experts from 124 countries provide a definitive access to the knowledge of tourism and its related fields. Users will find reliable and up-to-date definitions and explanations of the key terms of tourism in this reference book. Tourism is the largest industry in the world and is the main source of income for many countries. With the practical impact of worldwide tourism and the growing number of academic programs and institutions devoted to its education and research, this encyclopedia is the epicenter of this emerging and developing discipline. Editorial BoardManaging Editor: Amy Osmond Associate Editors: David Airey, Nevenka Cavlek, Peter U. C. Dieke, Juergen Gnoth, Maria Gravari-Barbas, Tazim Jamal, Kumi Kato, Francisco Madrid Flores, Yoel Mansfeld, Scott M. Meis, Regina Schlüter, Noel Scott, Honggang XuResource Editor: Beka JakeliAssistant Editors: S. Vida Muse, Peter Reim, Shun YeCartographers: Kisandul Kumarasinghe, Ashan Manamperi, Himanshi Withanage

This encyclopedia is the most comprehensive and updated source of reference in tourism research and practice. It covers both traditional and emerging concepts and terms and is fully international in its scope. Some 769 entries by 871 internationally renowned experts from 124 countries provide a definitive access to the knowledge of tourism and its related fields. Users will find reliable and up-to-date definitions and explanations of the key terms of tourism in this reference book. Tourism is the largest industry in the world and is the main source of income for many countries. With the practical impact of worldwide tourism and the growing number of academic programs and institutions devoted to its education and research, this encyclopedia is the epicenter of this emerging and developing discipline. Editorial BoardManaging Editor: Amy Osmond Associate Editors: David Airey, Nevenka Cavlek, Peter U. C. Dieke, Juergen Gnoth, Maria Gravari-Barbas, Tazim Jamal, Kumi Kato, Francisco Madrid Flores, Yoel Mansfeld, Scott M. Meis, Regina Schlüter, Noel Scott, Honggang XuResource Editor: Beka JakeliAssistant Editors: S. Vida Muse, Peter Reim, Shun YeCartographers: Kisandul Kumarasinghe, Ashan Manamperi, Himanshi Withanage

Information and Telecommunication Technologies increasingly propel the tourism industry and have become one of the most important determinants of the competitiveness for both the public and the private sectors. It is quite evident that tourism organisations which fail to take advantage of the emergent opportunities introduced by technology will lose considerable market share and suffer strategic disadvantages. Business processes re-engineering is essential therefore throughout the tourism industry. Encouragingly tourism organisations respond to the challenges and a large number of principals use technology in both operational and strategic functions. However, technology threatens traditional distribution channels with disintermediation. Non-tourism organisations also take advantage of the technological developments and launch services for tourism consumers and suppliers, increasing the competition for traditional operators. The tourism industry, therefore, emerges as a very dynamic oneand prospects are really exciting for professionals and researchers. Ultimately virtual enterprises will dominate the tourism industry. They will produce cost-effective, instantaneous, mass-customised goods and services; develop dynamic interfaces with suppliers and consumers; and constantly reform their structures in order to satisfy consumer needs. They will also take advantage of lean and flexible organisational frameworks; advanced technology; interactive and innovative marketing and management; rapid reaction to market requests; as well as effective networking and partnerships in order to provide more benefits for all stakeholders. ENTER adopted a consistent scientific approach to the study of tourism and technology. Over the last five years it brought together practitioners and researchers of both tourism and information technology.

This encyclopedia is the most comprehensive and updated source of reference in tourism research and practice. It covers both traditional and emerging concepts and terms and is fully international in its scope. More than 700 contributions of 766 internationally renowned experts from 113 countries provide a definitive access to the knowledge in the field of tourism, hospitality, recreation and related fields. All actors in this field will find reliable and up to date definitions and explanations of the key terms of tourism in this reference work. Tourism is the largest industry worldwide and is the main source of income for many countries. With both, this practical impact of tourism and a rapidly developing academic field, with a growing number of university courses and degrees in tourism, and a flourishing research, this encyclopedia is the epicenter of this emerging and developing discipline.