Javed Akhtar – författare

Scientific Essay from the year 2016 in the subject Literature - Modern Literature, University of Balochistan (English Literature), course: Literature, language: English, abstract: This research paper intends to trace the origin and development of the mature proletarian revolutionary novel. The mature revolutionary proletarian novels will be discussed and highlighted in this study in terms of Marxist hermeneutics. This new literary kind did not come into being prior to the imperialist era because the socioeconomic requirements for this literary genre were non-existent and the proletarian movement did not enter into its decisive historical stage of development. This new genre of the novel appeared simultaneously in the works of Robert Tressell, Martin Anderson Nexo, Upton Sinclair and Maxim Gorky in the beginning of the twentieth century. In this era of imperialism, the proletarian novel came into existence, when the socio-historical ethos brought the proletarian movement into being as well as helped to organise and develop it on international level. At the end of this analytical and comparative study of them, the noticeable point is that the proletarian novels of that period share astonishing similarities with one another. Applying Marxist literary hermeneutics to the art of novel writing of the famous proletarian novelists, this research paper will try to introduce new portrait of the personages of the novels of these proletarian novelists in an innovative perspective.

Scientific Essay from the year 2016 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, University of Balochistan (Department of English Literature), course: Literature, language: English, abstract: This paper intends to focus on the different facets and meanings of "e;Waiting for Godot"e; by Samuel Beckett. The different occurrences of conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of the play show existence of the late modernist bourgeois ideology. Based on the theoretical concern of the discussions of Post-Structuralist Marxist theorists Louis Althusser and Pierre Macherey, the main concern of the discussion concentrates on the theory of decentred or disparate text, expounded by Pierre Macherey in his book, "e;A Theory of Literary Production"e; (1978). This paper asks how the significant gaps, silences, absences and non-saids in the text of "e;Waiting for Godot"e; reflect the presence of the late modernist bourgeois ideology. This paper aims to reflect on the significance of ideology to articulate Post-Structuralist Marxist theory of decentred or disparate text. To make vocal the non-saids of Samuel Beckett"e;s text, the theory and methodology, I seek in this research paper is Post-Structuralist Althusserian Hermeneutics that helps to find conflict, disparity and contradiction of meaning within the text and between the text and its ideological content. It also helps to make speak and vocal the silences and non-saids of the play with conceptual framework of Post-Structuralist Althusserian theory of decentred or disparate text. The study would analyse how the ideological processes keep the author silent at certain stages in trying to tell the truth in his own way. It is hoped that this paper would enable the readers and students of literature to theoretical reading of the literary texts, making vocal the unspoken portions of them. They are also expected to find different, conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of Waiting for Godot and between the text and its ideological content.

Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2016 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, University of Balochistan (Department of English), course: Literature, language: English, abstract: Applying Derridean deconstructive hermeneutics to Samuel Beckett's "e;Waiting for Godot"e;, the author of this paper introduces a new portrait of the personages of the play. The study will retrace the pathways of Western tradition of the metaphysics of presence and its compelling influences, which have proved to be the inhibiting and fossilizing deadlocks of aporia of meaning and authoritative structures of human thought to explore the new horizons. In its concluding mode, the study exposes preventive stumbling aporic blocks of centralized structure of the minds of characters in the given play. Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) is the most eminent French philosopher and literary theorist of deconstruction. He challenges the logocentric Western tradition of the metaphysics of pres-ence, which has been dominant from Plato s Phaedrus until Edmund Husserl s Origin of Geometry in Western philosophy. His trend-breaking theory of deconstruction attacks the metaphysical presuppositions of Western philosophy, ethics, culture, politics and literature. It may give a new meaning and perspective to Samuel Beckett s Waiting for Godot , which has always been a focal point for the world s literary critics. They have applied various theories to it, but this paper tries to scrutinize the different facets of the play from Derridean deconstructive theory.

Case Study from the year 2016 in the subject Psychology - Personality Psychology, University of Balochistan (Department of English Literature), course: Literature, language: English, abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate universal hints for an all-round development of human personality: Vladimir Lenin as a case study, in the light of Stephen R. Covey's suggested habits, expounded in his books, "e;The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People"e; and "e;The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to greatness"e;, following the most eminent Russian physiologist and psychologist Pavlov's theory of classical behaviourism. This paper adopts the popped up chunks of Pavlov s classical behaviourist theory to analyse how the process of habit formation influences the effective and great human personalities of the world. Thus, the present study will enable the readers and researchers to confront Pavlov s classical behaviourist theory of habit formation through conditioned and unconditioned stimuli and reflexes. Readers are also expected to abandon the bad habits and adopt the good ones. Through infrequent but subtle universal hints which will serve as a model of effective and great human personality of the world. Applying I. P. Pavlov s classical behaviourist theory, this paper concentrates on all round development of gallivanting and history making personality of Vladimir Lenin as a case study, who identified himself with history, and present Vladimir Lenin in novel and innovative perspective.

Scientific Essay from the year 2017 in the subject Literature - Scandinavia and Iceland, , language: English, abstract: The purpose of this research paper is to conduct a textual analysis of this novel, as a research method on the bedrock of Marxist literary hermeneutics in an innovative and new way, tracing the all-round development of Pelle's personality who succeeded to organise his fellow-proletarians on the platform of the Corporative movement, trade union and socialist revolutionary movement. He founded the garden-city for the betterment of his fellow-proletarian comrades. Martin Andersen Nexo was the most eminent Danish Marxist proletarian fiction writer of the twentieth century. He came from the working-class family background and wrote short stories, novels and essays about the plights and sufferings of the proletariat class. His novel Pelle, the Conqueror (1906) is one of the greatest proletariat novels in world literature. Pelle, the protagonist of the novel emerged as the self-realised and class-conscious proletarian leader from the obscurity, drudgery and poverty of his rural peasant and shepherd background. He was a common labouring lad, who served as a herd, shoemaker's apprentice and qualified shoemaker. The novel enjoyed enormous success and popularity that conquered the hearts of the proletarians and peasants of the world. The novel is also neglected in academia, criticism, literature and the world of research.

Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2017 in the subject Literature - Slavic Literature, University of Balochistan, language: English, abstract: Maxim Gorky is one of the great portraitists of typification of women in Russian as well as in world literature. He presents a panoramic gallery of female characters such as Nilovna, Sophia, Natasha, Sasha and Ludmilla in his debate-raging novel "e;Mother"e;. These female personages belong to the various social classes of the Russian social formation but they possess universality in their personalities whom we have often met every day and everywhere in our daily life. Gorky endows them with class-consciousness, which enables them to involve in the revolutionary proletariat movement, considering Socialism the only way of woman s emancipation and enfranchisement as well as class-liberation. This paper tends to focus on the re-evaluation and investigation into Maxim Gorky's realistic depiction of these women to delineate their revolutionary roles in the structure of his novel as well as in the Russian Communist politics and social formation form a Marxist Feminist perspective in a new and innovative way. How these female figures are developed from their bourgeois and petty-bourgeois class-milieu to the level of radical Marxist activists and militants. How they liberate themselves from their cowed, wretched and oppressed living conditions into which they have been subjugated, tortured and beaten by men.

Seminar paper from the year 2017 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, , language: English, abstract: Samuel Beckett was the most eminent dramatist of the absurdist movement of the twentieth century. Samuel Beckett was born on Good Friday, April 13, 1906, at Fox rock near Dublin, Ireland. Belonging to a middle class Protestant home, Samuel Beckett enjoyed very good childhood because his family was Protestant and well to do in Ireland. His family home is of a Tudor style house, standing amidst lawns, a tennis court and a croquet lawn. He was second son of William Frank Beckett and Mary Beckett. In a poor country like Ireland, William Frank Beckett was a self-made person and he made his living as a surveyor. He was well-liked, respected and prosperous businessperson in Dublin. The Becketts had very good parental terms with Samuel Beckett and in this regard, he had a happy childhood, enjoying a comfortable life style. Moreover, Samuel Beckett s parents wished him to be educated well, and were proud of his sporting as well as academic progress. Finally, they were able to send Samuel Beckett to the best schools of Ireland such as Earlsfort House School in Dublin and Protoria Royal in the north. Therefore, he was educated at Earls Fort House preparatory school in Dublin, and then at the boarding school Portia Royal, one of the best and most expensive schools in Ireland. All through his childhood, Samuel Beckett s chief talents and interests were in French and English and he was inspired by the works of Dante and Racine.

Seminar paper from the year 2017 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, , language: English, abstract: The aim of this research paper is to trace the origin and development of Art for art's sake movement from Marxist perspective. The origin of Art for art's movement can be traced back to the late Romanticists who felt themselves misfit in the post-revolutionary bourgeois world of business, profit and industrialisation of the Patriarchal countryside of Europe. Therefore, an insoluble contradiction occurred between the aims of the late Romanticist artists and writers and the conditions of the Post-revolutionary bourgeois capitalist world. However, they became hostile to it, but failed to see any hope of changing it. The employment of Marxist literary hermeneutics in analysing Art for art s sake movement yields the result that the apostles of this movement express their disharmony with the bourgeois capitalist social formation. They refuse to be commodity producer in the bourgeois publishing industry, in which an author is a labourer or commodity producer for those consumers whom he does not see. However, the apostles of this movement failed to introduce new modes of literary production as well as to change the bourgeois social formation. The present research study highlights the purpose, rise and fall of Art for art s sake movement in an innovative Marxist perspective.

Scientific Essay from the year 2017 in the subject Literature - Comparative Literature, , language: English, abstract: The aim of this research paper is to explore, by comparing and contrasting them, the two literary characters Hamlet and Oblomov and how they are exploited by William Shakespeare and Ivan Goncharov in different historical ages to project different visions of the human situation. Every author is influenced by his age to certain degrees and if the art of characterisation of William Shakespeare is set against that of Ivan Goncharov, it is because of the difference in ideological perspectives. William Shakespeare's character Hamlet comes from Renaissance England and Ivan Goncharov's character Oblomov comes from nineteenth century Russia. The former is in certain ways different from the latter despite the fact that some traits of both characters are the same, such as indecision and procrastination. The comparison and contrast will be highlighted in this paper in terms of Marxist hermeneutics, which is a scientific theory and method of analysing the social and literary types in the context of class milieu. Applying Marxist literary hermeneutics to the art of characterisation of both the authors, the present study tries to introduce new portrait and reevaluation of the personages of the two literary types in an innovative perspective.