Jean Richard – författare

A concise history of the crusades - whose chief goal was the liberation and preservation of the 'holy places' of the middle east - from the first calls to arms in the later twelfth century to the fall of the last crusader strongholds in Syria and Palestine in 1291. This is the ideal introductory textbook for all students of the crusades. Professor Richard considers the consequences of the crusades, such as the establishment of the Latin east, and its organisation into a group of feudal states, as well as crusading contacts with the Muslim world, eastern Christians, Byzantines, and Mongols. Also considered are the organisation of expeditions, the financing of such expeditionary forces, and the organisation of operations and supply. Jean Richard is one of the world's great crusader historians and this work, the distillation of over forty years' research and contemplation, is the only one of its kind in English.

A concise history of the crusades - whose chief goal was the liberation and preservation of the 'holy places' of the middle east - from the first calls to arms in the later twelfth century to the fall of the last crusader strongholds in Syria and Palestine in 1291. This is the ideal introductory textbook for all students of the crusades. Professor Richard considers the consequences of the crusades, such as the establishment of the Latin east, and its organisation into a group of feudal states, as well as crusading contacts with the Muslim world, eastern Christians, Byzantines, and Mongols. Also considered are the organisation of expeditions, the financing of such expeditionary forces, and the organisation of operations and supply. Jean Richard is one of the world's great crusader historians and this work, the distillation of over forty years' research and contemplation, is the only one of its kind in English.

This is the fourth selection of Jean Richard’s articles to be published by Variorum; like them, it brings together much widely scattered material. The first selection focuses on the crusading process - the conception and execution of a crusade, the motivation of its participants. The following one looks at the establishment of the crusaders in the East in the 12th-13th centuries, with particular studies on the social composition of their states and the setting up of a Latin Church in the Empire of Constantinople. The final articles deal with the period after the fall of Acre, with the attempted trade embargo of Egypt and the administrative structures of the kingdoms of Cyprus and Armenia and their diplomatic. Ceci est la quatrième sélection d’articles de Jean Richard que publie Variorum; ainsi que celles auxquelles elle vient s’ajouter, elle rassemble quantité de matériaux demeurés jusqu’alors très éparpillés. La première partie se concentre sur le processus de la croisade - sa conception, son exécution et la motivation de ceux amenés à y participer. La partie suivante, à l’aide d’études spécifiques quant à la composition de leurs états respectifs ou à la mise en place d’une Eglise latine dans l’empire de Constantinople, se rattache à l’installation des croisés en Orient aux 12e et 13e siècles. Les derniers articles traitent de la période qui a suivi la chute d’Acre, avec la tentative d’embargo commercial de l’Egypte et les structures administratives des royaumes de Chypre et d’Arménie et leur diplomatique.

This latest volume by Jean Richard is concerned with the evolution of the crusading movement and with the interaction between crusaders and indigenous peoples of the Near East. The articles look at changes in the concept of crusading, means of financing it, and forms of indulgence; at how the adoption of maritime transport created a need to control the sea, and how contacts with the Muslims could lead to peaceful means of resolving conflict and dealing with prisoners. In their lands in the east, the Latins accommodated the feudal structures they brought with them to local conditions, especially in the mountains. Both in this and in the religious sphere compromises were made, and in this co-existence each community preserved its individuality. The final section then considers roles played by eastern Christians in the contacts between Europeans and Mongols. Si les origines de la croisade retiennent l'attention, son évolution mérite elle aussi intérêt. La conception de la croisade, les modalités du financement, la forme d'indulgence, se sont modifiées; l'adoption du transport par bateau a nécessité la prise du contrôle de la mer. Les affrontements avec les Musulmans ont provoqueé des contacts, ainsi pour règler le sort des prisonniers; on a cheché des solutions pacifiques au conflit. Dans leurs possessions orientales, les Francs ont adapté le régime seigneurial aux conditions locales et, tout en gardant intacte leur structure féodale, réservé, surtout dans les montagnes, leur place aux chefs indigènes, Les contacts de civilisation sont réels, mais chaque communauté garde some individualité. Il en est de même dans le domaine religieux, où il a fallu adopter des compromis pout permettre une réelle coexistence. Et finalement les chrétiens orientaux ont été les agents du rapprochement entre Francs and Mongols.