Karan Sotoodeh - Böcker

A Practical Guide to Piping and Valves for the Oil and Gas Industry covers how to select, test and maintain the right oil and gas valve. Each chapter focuses on a specific type of valve with a built-in structured table on valve selection. Covering both onshore and offshore projects, the book also gives an introduction to the most common types of corrosion in the oil and gas industry, including CO2, H2S, pitting, crevice, and more. A model to evaluate CO2 corrosion rate on carbon steel piping is introduced, along with discussions on bulk piping components, including fittings, gaskets, piping and flanges.

Rounding out with chapters devoted to valve preservation to protect against harmful environments and factory acceptance testing, this book gives engineers and managers a much-needed tool to better understand today's valve technology.

Presents oil and gas examples and challenges relating to valves, including many illustrations from valves in different stages of projects Helps readers understand valve materials, testing, actuation, packing and preservation, also including a new model to evaluate CO2 corrosion rates on carbon steel piping Presents structured valve selection tables in each chapter to help readers pick the right valve for the right project

Piping and valve engineers rely on common industrial standards for selecting and maintaining valves, but these standards are not specific to the subsea oil and gas industry. Subsea Valves and Actuators for the Oil and Gas Industry delivers a needed reference to go beyond the standard to specify how to select, test, and maintain the right subsea oil and gas valve for the project. Each chapter focuses on a specific type of valve with a built-in structured table on valve selection, helping guide the engineer to the most efficient valve. Covering subsea-specific protection, the reference also gives information on high pressure protection systems (HIPPS) and discusses corrosion management within the subsea sector, such as Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking Corrosion (HISC). Additional benefits include understanding the concept of different safety valves in subsea, selecting different valves and actuators located on subsea structures such as Christmas trees, manifolds, and HIPPS modules, with a full detail review including sensors, logic solver, and solenoid which is designed to save cost and improve the reliability in the subsea system. Rounding out with chapters on factory acceptance testing (FAT) and High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems (HIPPS), Subsea Valves and Actuators for the Oil and Gas Industry gives subsea engineers and managers a much-needed tool to better understand today's subsea technology.

Understand practical information about all types of subsea valves and actuators with over 600 visuals and several case studies Learn and review the applicable standards and specifications from API and ISO in one convenient location Protect your assets with a high-pressure protection system (HIPPS) and subsea-specific corrosion management including Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking Corrosion (HISC)

Prevention of Valve Fugitive Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry delivers a critical reference for oil and gas engineers and managers to get up-to-speed on all factors surrounding valve fugitive emissions. New technology is included on monitoring, with special attention given to valve seals which are typically the biggest emitting factor on the valve. Proper testing requirements to mitigate future leaks are also covered. Rounding out with international standards, laws and specifications to apply to projects around the world, this book gives today's engineers updated knowledge on how to lower emissions on today's equipment.

Helps readers understand the sources and key factors that contribute to fugitive emissions and leakage from oil and gas valves Teaches ways to select proper seals and perform valve testing to mitigate future emissions Includes international standards, laws and specifications to help readers stay compliant and environmentally responsible

Prevention of Actuator Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry delivers a critical reference for oil and gas engineers and managers to get up-to-speed on all the factors in actuator fugitive emissions. Packed with a selection process, the benefits of switching to an electric system, and the technology around open and closed loop hydraulic systems helps today's engineer understand all their options. Rounding with a detailed explanation around High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems (HIPPS), this book gives provides the knowledge necessary to lower emissions on today's equipment. Gives readers all they need to understand all the sources and key factors contributing to fugitive emissions and leakage from oil and gas actuators Teaches how to select environmentally friendly actuators, particularly all electric systems Introduces the High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS) and the ways it reduces flaring

Case Studies of Material Corrosion Prevention for Oil and Gas Valves delivers a critical reference for engineers and corrosion researchers. Packed with nearly 30 real-world case studies, this reference gives engineers standardized knowledge on how to maintain, select and prevent typical corrosion problems in a variety of oil and gas settings. Subsea, offshore, refineries and processing plants are all included, covering a variety of challenges such as chloride stress cracking, how to use Teflon powder to prevent cross contamination, and carbon dioxide corrosion. Organized for quick discovery, this book gives engineers a much-needed tool to safely protect their assets and the environment.

Engineers working in oil and gas operations understand that corrosion is a costly expense that increases emissions and damages the environment, but many standards do not provide practical examples with solutions, leaving engineers to learn through experience. This resource provides comprehensive information on topics of interest.

Provides solutions to common oil and gas corrosion valve failures with standard case studies Helps readers improve safety and reliability with the addition of references for further training Presents tactics on how to reduce environmental impact and use methods to prevent corrosion across offshore, subsea and refinery activities

Natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) continue to grow as a part of the sustainable energy mix. While oil and gas companies look to lower emissions, one key refinery component that contributes up to 60% of emissions are valves, mainly due to poor design, sealing, and testing. Cryogenic Valves for Liquefied Natural Gas Plants delivers a much-needed reference that focuses on the design, testing, maintenance, material selection, and standards needed to stay environmentally compliant at natural gas refineries.

Covering technical definitions, case studies, and Q&A, the reference includes all ranges of natural gas compounds, including LPG, CNG, NGL, and PNG. Key design considerations are included that are specific for cryogenic services, including a case study on cryogenic butterfly valves. The material selection process can be more complex for cryogenic services, so the author goes into more detail about materials that adhere to cryogenic temperature resistance. Most importantly, testing of valves is covered in depth, including shell test, closure or seat test, and thermal shock tests, along with tactics on how to prevent dangerous cryogenic leaks, which are very harmful to the environment. The book is a vital resource for today's natural gas engineers.

Teaches LNG valve design, including sealing selection, wall thickness calculation of the valve body and bonnet, and proper material selection Provides tactics on how to prevent cryogenic leaks with compliant valve testing Applies natural gas calculations that will better support the LNG supply chain Enables readers to understand cryogenic valve standards, including EN, ISO, and MSS SP

Storage Tanks Selection, Design, Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance: Emission Management and Environmental Protection provides the latest research and technological advancements in storage tank design, including materials selection, welding, and techniques used order to reduce or prevent emissions. This book details essential information regarding inspections, testing, and maintenance that are performed to prevent the failure of storage tanks. The book also explores the different types of storage tank emissions and provides recommendations for the preventive, as well as safety systems, that are critical to minimize the failure of storage tanks. Researchers, engineers, industry professionals, and students in the environmental safety field will find this book to be a welcomed resource for learning about and working on storage tank emissions in the oil and gas industries.

Provides detailed understanding of the problems and hazards of emissions in the oil and gas industriesPresents mechanical designs of storage tanks by considering various loads (e.g., axial, bending, wind, earthquake, etc.) to prevent failureDetails studies of corrosion assessment of storage tanksIntroduces safety systems in the oil and gas industries and the effect of tank selection on emission

ASME Codes and Standards for Piping and Valves: Engineering Applications in Hydrogen, Renewable, and Conventional Energy Systems delivers a thorough introduction to ASME B31 and B16 standards, offering clear explanations and practical strategies for designing, building, and maintaining piping and valve systems used in a variety of energy sectors. Covering everything from basic principles to advanced techniques in fabrication, inspection, and testing, this book examines important standards like B31.1, B31.3, and B31.12, as well as B16 fittings, flanges, and valves. Special focus is given to hydrogen piping, geothermal, biomass, and carbon capture, with dedicated chapters on material selection and operational best practices.In addition to its practical guidance, the book stands out for its emphasis on real-world applications, using case studies and illustrations to help readers navigate the complexities of modern energy systems. Whether you’re an engineer, project manager, student, or trainer, this resource ensures a solid grasp of the latest ASME codes and their relevance to emerging energy technologies.Covers ASME B31 and B16 standards across 20 chapters, addressing renewable and traditional energy sectorsFeatures chapters on hydrogen systems per ASME B31.12, including design, materials, fabrication, inspection, operation, and maintenanceCovers practical guidance on geothermal, biomass, and carbon capture systems, highlighting their classification under ASME B31.1 (power piping) and ASME B31.3 (power piping) codesIncludes illustrations, case studies, and question and answers on material selection, corrosion, fabrication, welding, inspection, and testing for engineers, inspectors, and managersEmphasizes piping design and safety, including stress analysis, support design, and valve selection for reliable, system performance

Corrosion Challenges and Material Selection in Low-Carbon Energy Systems: Hydrogen and CO? Environment is an essential resource for engineers, researchers, and industry professionals involved in the design, operation, and maintenance of hydrogen and CO? infrastructure. The book offers in-depth insights into corrosion mechanisms, material selection strategies, and failure prevention techniques specific to low-carbon energy applications. Featuring real-world case studies, industry standards, and emerging technologies, this guide helps ensure the integrity, safety, and longevity of critical energy systems while supporting the transition to sustainable, low-carbon solutions.. Focuses on corrosion challenges and material selection specifically in low-carbon energy systems involving hydrogen and CO? environments.. Combines fundamentals, case studies, and practical guidance on corrosion mechanisms, material degradation, and integrity management.. Addresses emerging issues such as hydrogen embrittlement, supercritical CO? corrosion, sour gas service, and high-pressure system challenges.. Provides insights into materials selection criteria, coatings, failure analysis, and standards (e.g., ASME, ISO, NACE).. Includes comprehensive coverage of current and future technologies like AI, smart coatings, and digital twins for corrosion prevention and system reliability.. Targets a broad audience, including engineers, researchers, regulatory bodies, and students in materials science, corrosion engineering, and energy infrastructure sectors.. Incorporates practical industry case studies, industry standards, and applied engineering approaches to support safer and more cost-effective low-carbon energy infrastructure development.

Piping, Valves, and Process Engineering in Carbon Capture Systems: Applications, Sustainability, and Environmental Protection is a specialized scientific reference that addresses the critical role of piping and valves within CCS infrastructure. As global decarbonization efforts intensify, the need for advanced, reliable, and environmentally- sustainable piping and valve systems becomes paramount. This book explores the unique challenges faced in designing, selecting materials, and operating piping and valves in high-pressure, corrosive, and supercritical CO? environments, integrating recent technological advancements such as digital twins, smart monitoring, and innovative materials.The book's comprehensive contents include chapters on fundamental principles, standards, material considerations, fabrication, failure modes, digitalization, lifecycle assessment, and integration with renewable energy sources. The scope extends to emerging topics like direct air capture (DAC), hybrid pipelines, and bio-inspired coatings, making it a vital resource for engineers, researchers, and practitioners involved in CCS and low-carbon energy projects. The book’s practical approach, supported by case studies and illustrations, ensures that professionals can apply the knowledge immediately to improve system safety, efficiency, and sustainability.Provides the first comprehensive resource focused on piping and valves in CCS applicationsExplores emerging technologies like digital twins, self-healing materials, and digitalization in CCS systemsIntegrates advanced materials, lifecycle assessment, and sustainability metrics for CCS infrastructureAddresses critical challenges such as corrosion, high-pressure transport, and hybrid gas pipelinesFacilitates practical decision-making with real-world case studies and illustrations

This book looks at the applications of coating in piping, valves and actuators in the offshore oil and gas industry. Providing a key guide for professionals and students alike, it highlights specific coating standards within the industry, including ISO, NORSOK, SSPC and NACE.In the corrosive environment of a seawater setting, coatings to protect pipes, valves and actuators are essential. This book provides both the theory behind these coatings and practical applications, including case studies from multinational companies. It covers different offshore zones and their corrosivity level alongside the different types of external corrosion, such as stress cracking and hydrogen-induced stress cracking. The key coatings discussed are zinc-rich coatings, thermal spray zinc or aluminum, phenolic epoxy and passive fire protection, with a review of their defects and potential failures. The book also details the role of coating inspectors and explains how to diagnose faults. Case studies from companies such as Aker Solutions, Baker Hughes, Equinor and British Petroleum illustrate the wide range of industrial applications of coating technologies.This book is of interest to engineers and students in materials, coating, mechanical, piping or petroleum engineering.

This book looks at the applications of coating in piping, valves and actuators in the offshore oil and gas industry. Providing a key guide for professionals and students alike, it highlights specific coating standards within the industry, including ISO, NORSOK, SSPC and NACE.In the corrosive environment of a seawater setting, coatings to protect pipes, valves and actuators are essential. This book provides both the theory behind these coatings and practical applications, including case studies from multinational companies. It covers different offshore zones and their corrosivity level alongside the different types of external corrosion, such as stress cracking and hydrogen-induced stress cracking. The key coatings discussed are zinc-rich coatings, thermal spray zinc or aluminum, phenolic epoxy and passive fire protection, with a review of their defects and potential failures. The book also details the role of coating inspectors and explains how to diagnose faults. Case studies from companies such as Aker Solutions, Baker Hughes, Equinor and British Petroleum illustrate the wide range of industrial applications of coating technologies.This book is of interest to engineers and students in materials, coating, mechanical, piping or petroleum engineering.

The e-book+ version of the book, Pipeline Valve Technology, complements the other versions of the book. The e-book+ version provides the user with additional questions and answers at the end of each chapter to gauge and enhance the user’s understanding. The book covers the life cycle of pipeline valves, the largest and most essential valves in offshore pipeline engineering. Discussing the design process, testing, production, transportation, installation, and maintenance, the book also covers the risk analysis required to assess the reliability of these valves.Pipeline valves require particular attention to ensure they are safely designed, installed, and maintained, due to the high stakes. Failure would result in environmental pollution, the destruction of expensive assets, and potential loss of life. Proper installation and upkeep require specialist processes throughout the life cycle of the valve. This book is a key guide to these processes. Beginning by looking at the design of pipeline valves, this book details how conserving weight and space is prioritized, how materials are chosen, how thickness is calculated, and how leakage is minimized. It then discusses production and specific welding techniques to bond dissimilar materials, alongside casting and machining. Building on other discussions in the text with case studies and questions and answers for self-study, this book is the ideal guide to pipeline valves.This book will be of interest to professionals in the industries of offshore oil and gas, material engineering, coatings, mechanical engineering, and piping. It will also be relevant to students studying coating and welding, or mechanical, piping, or petroleum engineering.

The e-book+ version of the book, Pipeline Valve Technology, complements the other versions of the book. The e-book+ version provides the user with additional questions and answers at the end of each chapter to gauge and enhance the user’s understanding. The book covers the life cycle of pipeline valves, the largest and most essential valves in offshore pipeline engineering. Discussing the design process, testing, production, transportation, installation, and maintenance, the book also covers the risk analysis required to assess the reliability of these valves.Pipeline valves require particular attention to ensure they are safely designed, installed, and maintained, due to the high stakes. Failure would result in environmental pollution, the destruction of expensive assets, and potential loss of life. Proper installation and upkeep require specialist processes throughout the life cycle of the valve. This book is a key guide to these processes. Beginning by looking at the design of pipeline valves, this book details how conserving weight and space is prioritized, how materials are chosen, how thickness is calculated, and how leakage is minimized. It then discusses production and specific welding techniques to bond dissimilar materials, alongside casting and machining. Building on other discussions in the text with case studies and questions and answers for self-study, this book is the ideal guide to pipeline valves.This book will be of interest to professionals in the industries of offshore oil and gas, material engineering, coatings, mechanical engineering, and piping. It will also be relevant to students studying coating and welding, or mechanical, piping, or petroleum engineering.

When accidents occur in the oil and gas industry, the impacts can be profound. Serious injury or death to workers, environmental disasters and colossal costs for insurance or clean ups make the industry a hazardous one to operate in. Disasters become major news events such as the Prestige oil spill, Piper Alpha, Exxon Valdez oil spill and Deepwater Horizon. A move towards improving the health and safety of the industry is underway. This book emphasizes controlling, managing, and mitigating the risk of hazards in the oil and gas industry, increasing safety, and protecting the environment by identifying the hazards in the oil and gas industry through safety engineering techniques and management methods.Safety Engineering in the Oil and Gas Industry discusses how to improve safety and reliability in the oil and gas industry so that hazards can be reduced to the lowest level feasible. It covers the techniques needed to operate safely in an oil and/or gas industry setting, the standards that should be adhered to, the impacts of PPE, fire and explosions, equipment and infrastructure failures and storage and reliability engineering, amongst many other topics. This book is written in an easy-to-read and appealing style and multiple-choice questions are included to help with learning and understanding the concepts included. Underpinned by real life case studies and examples, this book aims to allow readers to consider how they can reduce the costs associated with bad safety practices to their business through maintained and consistent health, safety and environmental (HSE) standards.This book is a must-read for any student or professional studying or working in the oil and gas industries. It also has additional appeal to those with an academic or professional interest in occupational health and safety, civil engineering, offshore engineering and maritime engineering.

When accidents occur in the oil and gas industry, the impacts can be profound. Serious injury or death to workers, environmental disasters and colossal costs for insurance or clean ups make the industry a hazardous one to operate in. Disasters become major news events such as the Prestige oil spill, Piper Alpha, Exxon Valdez oil spill and Deepwater Horizon. A move towards improving the health and safety of the industry is underway. This book emphasizes controlling, managing, and mitigating the risk of hazards in the oil and gas industry, increasing safety, and protecting the environment by identifying the hazards in the oil and gas industry through safety engineering techniques and management methods.Safety Engineering in the Oil and Gas Industry discusses how to improve safety and reliability in the oil and gas industry so that hazards can be reduced to the lowest level feasible. It covers the techniques needed to operate safely in an oil and/or gas industry setting, the standards that should be adhered to, the impacts of PPE, fire and explosions, equipment and infrastructure failures and storage and reliability engineering, amongst many other topics. This book is written in an easy-to-read and appealing style and multiple-choice questions are included to help with learning and understanding the concepts included. Underpinned by real life case studies and examples, this book aims to allow readers to consider how they can reduce the costs associated with bad safety practices to their business through maintained and consistent health, safety and environmental (HSE) standards.This book is a must-read for any student or professional studying or working in the oil and gas industries. It also has additional appeal to those with an academic or professional interest in occupational health and safety, civil engineering, offshore engineering and maritime engineering.

Equipment and Components in the Oil and Gas Industry Volume 2: Components provides an overview of the components used in the oil and gas industry, including instrumentation, pipe components, and safety components. Using practical industry examples and an accessible approach, the book is a key reference point for those seeking to learn more about the industry.Covering both larger and smaller components used throughout the oil and gas industry, the book details the theory behind pressure gauges, temperature gauges, flow gauges, and level gauges. It then goes on to discuss piping components, such as pipes, flanges, and gaskets and introduces piping special components. Valves are particularly crucial to the oil and gas industry, including on/off valves, control valves, safety valves, and special valves. The book also details actuators, sprinklers, fire and gas detectors, hoses, and hose reels, along with electrical components such as switches, cables, wires, and cable glands. Finally, the book ends with a discussion of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) components.This book will be of interest to mechanical and chemical engineers working in the oil and gas industry.

Equipment and Components in the Oil and Gas Industry Volume 1: Equipment provides an overview of the equipment used in the oil and gas industry, as well as various stages of the oil and gas industry, including geology, exploration, drilling, transportation, and refining. Using practical industry examples and an accessible approach, the book is a key reference point for those seeking to learn more about the industry.The equipment used in the oil and gas industry is wide ranging, from drilling equipment and wellhead equipment, such as casings, tubing, and wellhead Christmas trees, to equipment for the transportation of fluids and gases, such as pumps and compressors. The book presents a simplified method to choose the correct equipment for each task, as well as covering the selection of heat exchangers and storage tanks. Finally, this book covers turbines, motors, and other prime movers, alongside a flare system for disposing of unwanted or waste gases in oil and gas refineries and petrochemical plants.This book will be of interest to mechanical and chemical engineers working in the oil and gas industry.

This two volume set will provide an overview of the equipment and components used in the oil and gas industry. Using practical industry examples, and an accessible approach, the books are a key reference point for all those seeking to learn more about the industry.The set includes the following volumes: Volume 1 looks at the equipment used in the oil and gas industry, from drilling equipment, wellhead equipment such as casings, tubing, and wellhead Christmas trees, to equipment for the transportation of fluids and gases, such as pumps and compressors. Volume 2 covers both larger and smaller components used throughout the oil and gas industry, detailing the theory behind pressure gauges, temperature gauges, flow gauges, and level gauges.These books will be of interest to mechanical and chemical engineers working in the oil and gas industry

This book is a pioneering reference work designed to address the complex terminology, technical specifications, and diverse applications of valves in industrial systems.The Comprehensive Valve Dictionary: Terminology, Applications, and Insights for Oil, Gas, and Renewable Energy is an authoritative and practical reference that demystifies the technical language surrounding industrial valves. The dictionary provides detailed definitions for hundreds of valve-related terms, including valve types, components, materials, standards, testing methods, and failure mechanisms. In addition to traditional applications, this dictionary places significant emphasis on valves used in renewable energy systems, including those for hydrogen production, hydropower, carbon capture and storage (CCS), geothermal energy, and offshore wind power. Moreover, it explores the definitions and real-world applications of cutting-edge technologies such as smart valves, condition monitoring, digital twin technology, and additive manufacturing. It also includes cross-references to relevant international standards (e.g., API, ASME, ISO), troubleshooting guides, and operational insights. By bridging gaps in understanding, this resource will support professionals in making informed decisions, improving system reliability, and ensuring compliance with industry best practices.This work is specifically tailored for engineers, designers, manufacturers, and researchers working in oil and gas, petrochemicals, power generation, and renewable energy industries.

Eliminate or reduce unwanted emissions with the piping engineering techniques and strategies contained in this book Piping Engineering: Preventing Fugitive Emission in the Oil and Gas Industry is a practical and comprehensive examination of strategies for the reduction or avoidance of fugitive emissions in the oil and gas industry. The book covers key considerations and calculations for piping and fitting design and selection, maintenance, and troubleshooting to eliminate or reduce emissions, as well as the various components that can allow for or cause them, including piping flange joints. The author explores leak detection and repair (LDAR), a key technique for managing fugitive emissions. He also discusses piping stresses, like principal, displacement, sustained, occasional, and reaction loads, and how to calculate these loads and acceptable limits. Various devices to tighten the bolts for flanges are described, as are essential flange fabrications and installation tolerances. The book also includes: Various methods and calculations for corrosion rate calculation, flange leakage analysis, and different piping load measurementsIndustry case studies that include calculations, codes, and referencesFocuses on critical areas related to piping engineering to prevent emission, including material and corrosion, stress analysis, flange joints, and weld jointsCoverage of piping material selection for offshore oil and gas and onshore refineries and petrochemical plantsIdeal for professionals in the oil and gas industry and mechanical and piping engineers, Piping Engineering: Preventing Fugitive Emission in the Oil and Gas Industry is also a must-read resource for environmental engineers in the public and private sectors.

INDUSTRIAL VALVES Improve the design and safety of your industrial valves with this comprehensive guide Industrial valves are used to regulate the flow of liquids, gases, or slurries. They are fundamental to multiple industries, including marine shipping, in which valves regulate power supply, wastewater, water for fire-fighting, and other shipboard essentials. They are also critical to the oil and gas industry, where valves are used to control the flow of oil or gas out of deposits, direct the crude oil refining process, protect key areas and equipment from spillage and overflow, and more. Without the safety and regulating power provided by industrial valves these industries could not proceed. This book provides a thorough introduction to the modeling and calculation of key challenges related to valve design, manufacturing, and operation. It focuses particularly on solving problems of material failure due to corrosion and cavitation, allowing readers to construct valve designs that will maximize safety and reliability. It is a critical resource in helping protect workplaces, industrial sites, and valuable equipment from the externalities of these fundamental industrial resources. Readers will also find: Applied calculations based on real-life cases from industryInformation based on international standards including NORSOK (Norwegian standard) and IECs (European standards)Based on decades of experience in the relevant industriesIndustrial Valves is a useful reference for engineers and practitioners in the oil and gas and marine industries, piping engineers, valve manufacturers, and more.

Comprehensive approach to designing safety valves used in oil and gas plants, featuring case studies throughout the text Safety Valves in Oil and Gas Plants delivers a comprehensive overview of the various aspects of safety valves in the oil and gas industries, including their design and accessories. To help reinforce learning, case studies included throughout the text and multiple-choice questions and answers are included at the end of each chapter. Written by an industry veteran with extensive publishing and speaking experience, this book includes information on: Design details such as sizing and reaction forces, inspection, maintenance, codes and standards, and packing and preservationDaily industrial challenges regarding the resizing of existing pressure safety valves (PSVs) or the proper sizing of new PSVsProcess safety standards for all new operative installations or existing ones in the chemical industryCatalysts that can increase the pressure of fluids, including human error and equipment and component failureThe role of safety valves in protecting properties, the environment, and human lifeThis is an excellent reference on the subject for engineers and advanced students in chemical and process engineering, mechanical engineering, piping and valve engineering, and safety and instrument engineering.