Karl W. Boer – författare

In 1973, Dr. Ber created the Solar One house, the first house to convert sunlight into electricityand heat. His leadership made a lasting impact on science, engineering, and the solarindustry. The Life of the Solar Pioneer Karl Wolfgang Ber describes the life of one of the most influential and recognized solar energy pioneers. It is a must read for anyone interested in the modern development of solarenergy, Bers dynamic life as one of the key movers in the field, and his world authority in CdS (Cadmium sulfide).

It provides rare insight into the personal life of a scientist growing up in turbulent postwarBerlin. After his emigration to the USA and his transformation as a leader in solar energy, heset the direction for the future in significant ways:

Bridged the divide between academia and industry Wrote over 350 science publications, dozens of books, and patents Created the most successful international solid state physics journal Promoted worldwide implementation of solarenergy

Advances in Solar Energy is back on schedule. Volume III contains a number of interesting reviews of the different fields in solar energy conversion. We appreciate the many encouraging comments received after the second volume appeared and have incorporated some of the suggested changes. Even though most of the reviews are invited through our editors, we are always open to suggestion about subjects of importance that are ready for a com­ prehensive and critical review and have not been recently covered, or about potential authors. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Professor John A. Duffie for his invaluable help in starting the Advances in Solar Energy series. Although he has recently taken full responsibility as editor-in-chief for the Solar Energy Journal, his continued assistance as a member of the Board of Editors is greatly appreciated. The diligent work of the many active editors is gratefully acknowledged and constitutes the basis for a valuable review periodical with outstanding contributions. The typesetting was done by Sandra Pruitt in the Delaware office, using the TEX-program with laser print-out. Her organization and patience in coordinating with the authors, and her technical skill and diligence in preparing the submitted copy permitted the timely and high-quality assembly of this production. We wish to commend her for efforts well beyond the call of duty. The accommodating help from Plenum Press and its production staff deserves our grateful acknowledgement.

Advances in Solar Energy, now in its fifth year, is continuing with topics of the main field of solar energy conversion. However, because of the increasing interest in a solar systems approach, we have decided to include the article of Bockris et al., on Hydrogen Technology, which offers interesting aspects of transport and storage of solar energy, as well as the potential for a versatile fuel. The other articles cover the field of photovoltaics, solar energy-related mate­ rials, wind conversion, solar retrofitting of existing buildings, and new architectural designs in harmony with climate and the comfort of all occupants. These articles give a critical assessment of the present state of the art, and provide a long list of literature for further in-depth studies. I greatly appreciate the assistance of the Editors and referees of the articles for their many constructive suggestions. My special thanks go to Ms. Martha Hobbs for her dedicated work in typesetting the manuscript in the University of Delaware''s Publication Office, and to the University of Delaware for their continued support. The accommodating help from Plenum Press and its production staff deserves our grateful acknowledgement.

Advances in Solar Energy is back on schedule. Volume III contains a number of interesting reviews of the different fields in solar energy conversion. We appreciate the many encouraging comments received after the second volume appeared and have incorporated some of the suggested changes. Even though most of the reviews are invited through our editors, we are always open to suggestion about subjects of importance that are ready for a com­ prehensive and critical review and have not been recently covered, or about potential authors. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Professor John A. Duffie for his invaluable help in starting the Advances in Solar Energy series. Although he has recently taken full responsibility as editor-in-chief for the Solar Energy Journal, his continued assistance as a member of the Board of Editors is greatly appreciated. The diligent work of the many active editors is gratefully acknowledged and constitutes the basis for a valuable review periodical with outstanding contributions. The typesetting was done by Sandra Pruitt in the Delaware office, using the TEX-program with laser print-out. Her organization and patience in coordinating with the authors, and her technical skill and diligence in preparing the submitted copy permitted the timely and high-quality assembly of this production. We wish to commend her for efforts well beyond the call of duty. The accommodating help from Plenum Press and its production staff deserves our grateful acknowledgement.

Advances in Solar Energy in its fourth year has almost become routine in identifying important fields that warrant comprehensive reports, in assembling its contents and in preparing the typeset version; the final r~sult is now in front of you for your judgement. In working with the authors to prepare attractive reviews, several of our referees and editors have helped with a great deal of their time and a wealth of suggestions and advice for further improvement. The subjects treated in the first four volumes covered many areas of the large field of solar energy conversion. The interested reader may anticipate missing subjects for following volumes or updates of earlier reviews in rapidly developing fields. As in earlier volumes, we invite your comments and suggestions for articles and authors who are eminently qualified to write such critical reviews. This Volume covers subjects in bioconversion, photovoltaics and, in three articles, subjects related to heat transfer to the ground. We hope to order the content of a Volume even more in the future, to give emphasis to a specific topic in solar energy conversion. We thereby try to indicate its different modes of application and to stimulate cross fertilization of related fields. My special thanks go to Ms. Sandra Pruitt and Ms. Patricia Porter-Revels for typesetting the manuscript in the Delaware Office, and to the University of Delaware for its support of the publications office. The accommodating help from Plenum Press and its production staff deserves our grateful acknowledgement.

In Volume 6 of the Advances in Solar Energy we have specifically targeted for a review the rich experience of the Power Utilities. Their hands-on experience in a large variety of means to employ solar energy conversion and to evaluate the technical and economical feasibilities is of great importance to their future use. In designing the lay-out for this volume, we wanted to collect all relevant information, including success and failures and wanted to emphasize the lessons learned from each type of experiment. The publication of such a review now has the advantage of a settled experience in the first phase of solar involvement of the utility industry with a large amount of data analyzed. We are confident that this information will be of great value to direct the future development of the solar energy mix within this industry. We have added to this set of reviews three articles which deal with the most promising high-technology part of solar energy conversion using exclusively solid state devices: solar cells. The development over the last two decades from barely 10% to now in excess of 30% conversion efficiency is breathtaking. In addition, the feasibility of economic midrange efficient thin-film technology holds the promise of opening large sc ale markets in the near future. This field will enter head-on competition for large power generation with more conventional technology.

A number of significant changes have occurred in Advances in Solar Energy since Volume 1 appeared in 1982. The delays in publication of the second volume are the result of reorganization of the American Solar Energy Society, and the negotiation of a new publishing arrangement. Beginning with this volume, Advances is now published jointly by the Society and Plenum Press. The Editorial Board has been enlarged to be more representative of the different fields of solar energy conversion. Production of Advances is being expedited through the use of modern word processing equipment and the ''lEX typesetting-editing program. We have gone to a single-column format to ease the problems of presenting long equations, and we expect that the user of the volume will find it easy to read. The use of ''lEX will make last minute updates possible. The external appearance of the volume matches that of Volume 1. We expect that future volumes of this annual will be proceeding on schedule. We invite comments from users and correspondence from prospective authors of critical reviews. Karl W. Boer John A. Duffie CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 The Measurement of Solar Radiation Ronald Stewart, Daniel W. Spencer and Richard Perez 1.1 Abstract 1 1.2 Characteristics of Pyranometers ....................................... . 2 1.3 General Features of a Pyranometer ................................... . 3 1.3.1 Instrument Sensitivity 4 1.3.2 Response with Time 4 1.3.3 Sensitivity 4 1.3.4 Responsivity ................................................. .

A number of significant changes have occurred in Advances in Solar Energy since Volume 1 appeared in 1982. The delays in publication of the second volume are the result of reorganization of the American Solar Energy Society, and the negotiation of a new publishing arrangement. Beginning with this volume, Advances is now published jointly by the Society and Plenum Press. The Editorial Board has been enlarged to be more representative of the different fields of solar energy conversion. Production of Advances is being expedited through the use of modern word processing equipment and the 'lEX typesetting-editing program. We have gone to a single-column format to ease the problems of presenting long equations, and we expect that the user of the volume will find it easy to read. The use of 'lEX will make last minute updates possible. The external appearance of the volume matches that of Volume 1. We expect that future volumes of this annual will be proceeding on schedule. We invite comments from users and correspondence from prospective authors of critical reviews. Karl W. Boer John A. Duffie CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 The Measurement of Solar Radiation Ronald Stewart, Daniel W. Spencer and Richard Perez 1.1 Abstract 1 1.2 Characteristics of Pyranometers ....................................... . 2 1.3 General Features of a Pyranometer ................................... . 3 1.3.1 Instrument Sensitivity 4 1.3.2 Response with Time 4 1.3.3 Sensitivity 4 1.3.4 Responsivity ................................................. .

The field of solar energy conversion has become an important discipline with a recognized potential to significantly contribute to the world supply of energy. It is diversified and encompasses a wide variety of disciplines - from mechanical engineering to physics, from biology to architecture, from ocean science to agriculture, from chemistry to atmospheric science, to name some of the major fields. It involves fields which have matured to the engineering aspects, such as the conversion of solar energy into heat or of wind into shaft work. It includes other fields in which more basic science research is necessary to unravel the micro-structures of nature, as, for example, for photovoltaic conversion or for certain bioengineering tasks. Several of these fields have elements which have been common knowledge for centuries but sometimes forgotten at times of cheap energy supplies, while others have barely started with first studies. Most of the fields have seen during the last decade a substantial advance in sophistication, in theoretical understanding, in demonstrated feasibility, in developing hardware, in field testing, with some moving into a phase of initial commercialization.

The field of solar energy conversion has become an important discipline with a recognized potential to significantly contribute to the world supply of energy. It is diversified and encompasses a wide variety of disciplines - from mechanical engineering to physics, from biology to architecture, from ocean science to agriculture, from chemistry to atmospheric science, to name some of the major fields. It involves fields which have matured to the engineering aspects, such as the conversion of solar energy into heat or of wind into shaft work. It includes other fields in which more basic science research is necessary to unravel the micro-structures of nature, as, for example, for photovoltaic conversion or for certain bioengineering tasks. Several of these fields have elements which have been common knowledge for centuries but sometimes forgotten at times of cheap energy supplies, while others have barely started with first studies. Most of the fields have seen during the last decade a substantial advance in sophistication, in theoretical understanding, in demonstrated feasibility, in developing hardware, in field testing, with some moving into a phase of initial commercialization.

This handbook gives a complete and detailed survey of the field of semiconductor physics. It addresses every fundamental principle, the most important research topics and results, as well as conventional and emerging new areas of application. Additionally it provides all essential reference material on crystalline bulk, low-dimensional, and amorphous semiconductors, including valuable data on their optical, transport, and dynamic properties.

This updated and extended second edition includes essential coverage of rapidly advancing areas in semiconductor physics, such as topological insulators, quantum optics, magnetic nanostructures and spintronic systems. Richly illustrated and authored by a duo of internationally acclaimed experts in solar energy and semiconductor physics, this handbook delivers in-depth treatment of the field, reflecting a combined experience spanning several decades as both researchers and educators. Offering a unique perspective on many issues, SemiconductorPhysics is an invaluable reference for physicists, materials scientists and engineers throughout academia and industry.

This handbook gives a complete survey of the important topics and results in semiconductor physics. It addresses every fundamental principle and most research topics and areas of application in the field of semiconductor physics. Comprehensive information is provided on crystalline bulk and low-dimensional as well as amporphous semiconductors, including optical, transport, and dynamic properties.

This handbook is a compendium giving a comprehensive description of the basics of semiconductor physics relevant to the design and analysis of thin film solar cell materials. It starts from the basics of material science, describing the material and its growth, defect and electrical properties, the basics of its interaction with photons and the involved statistics, proceeding to space charge effects in semiconductors and pn-junctions. Most attention is given to analyze homo- and hetero-junction solar cells using various models and applying the field-of-direction analysis for discussing current voltage characteristics, and helping to discover the involvement of high-field effects in solar cells. The comprehensive coverage of the main topics of - and relating to - solar cells with extensive reference to literature helps scientists and engineers at all levels to reach a better understanding and improvement of solar cell properties and their production. The author is one of the founders of thin film solar cell research.