Larry Davis - Böcker

The National Association of Social Workers' The Encyclopedia of Social Work has long been considered the cornerstone reference in the field. The new, completely updated, revised and expanded 20th edition includes 400 articles covering all aspects of social work including: practice and interventions; social environments; social conditions and challenges; and social policy and history. This new edition of the Encyclopedia includes coverage of areas that have come to the fore since the 1995 19th edition, including demographic changes from immigration, evidence-based practice, gerontology, and trauma and disaster. International entries include: International Association of Schools of Social Work; International Federation of Social Workers; International Social Welfare - Organizations and Activities; International Social Work and Social Welfare - Africa, Asia, Australia and Pacific Islands, Caribbean, Central America, Europe, Middle East and North Africa, North and South America.

The assessment of second language speaking ability has played a central role in the evolution of language testing theory and practice. Educational Testing Service (ETS) has been a primary innovator in all dimensions of speaking assessment since the 1970s, addressing critical challenges through the advent of new test designs, scoring practices, and measurement technologies to make especially large-scale, standardized testing of speaking ability a reality.This volume presents a sample of key ETS research and development efforts related to speaking assessment over the years. The contributors highlight diverse contributions to conceptualizing the speaking construct, designing speaking test tasks, scoring speech samples, marshalling technologies for test delivery and automated scoring, and developing end-to-end speaking assessment procedures. The first part emphasizes how some of the earliest large-scale speaking assessments were designed and put into practice. The second part features research and development related to speaking assessments in the TOEIC and TOEFL testing suites, emphasizing their validity and scoring. The third part introduces research-based innovations in testing new and more nuanced speaking constructs, and in using automated scoring of speech to address diverse assessment needs.The volume will appeal to language testing professionals and test score users in illuminating how ETS has influenced the development of speaking assessment as well as pointing to multiple directions for future research and practice.

The assessment of second language speaking ability has played a central role in the evolution of language testing theory and practice. Educational Testing Service (ETS) has been a primary innovator in all dimensions of speaking assessment since the 1970s, addressing critical challenges through the advent of new test designs, scoring practices, and measurement technologies to make especially large-scale, standardized testing of speaking ability a reality.This volume presents a sample of key ETS research and development efforts related to speaking assessment over the years. The contributors highlight diverse contributions to conceptualizing the speaking construct, designing speaking test tasks, scoring speech samples, marshalling technologies for test delivery and automated scoring, and developing end-to-end speaking assessment procedures. The first part emphasizes how some of the earliest large-scale speaking assessments were designed and put into practice. The second part features research and development related to speaking assessments in the TOEIC and TOEFL testing suites, emphasizing their validity and scoring. The third part introduces research-based innovations in testing new and more nuanced speaking constructs, and in using automated scoring of speech to address diverse assessment needs.The volume will appeal to language testing professionals and test score users in illuminating how ETS has influenced the development of speaking assessment as well as pointing to multiple directions for future research and practice.