In June 1941, a seventy-one-year-old Russian general sitting in a Berlin apartment issued a proclamation calling on Cossacks everywhere to join the German Wehrmacht — framing the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union as a crusade against communism and Jewry. The man who issued that proclamation, Pyotr Nikolayevich Krasnov, had spent twenty years in exile engineering exactly this moment. That he was wrong about everything — about Germany's intentions, about the war's outcome, about what the British would do with him when it ended — did not make him less formidable, or less responsible for what followed.Leopold Phelan's biography of Krasnov is the first full English-language account of one of the Russian twentieth century's most extraordinary and most morally catastrophic careers. Born into the Don Cossack aristocracy in 1869, Krasnov served in three wars, commanded an army in the Civil War, created the short-lived Don Republic from nothing in 1918, spent two decades in Paris and Berlin writing bestselling novels and plotting the Soviet Union's overthrow, and ended by directing the Nazi state's Cossack administrative apparatus — before being handed to the NKVD by the British in 1945 and hanged in Moscow in January 1947.This is the story of a man who was simultaneously a genuine military genius, a gifted novelist, and a willing propagandist for genocide — and of the specific historical forces that made all three possible in the same person.
In August 1918, eight thousand American soldiers arrived at the Russian port of Vladivostok with orders that simultaneously authorised their deployment and prohibited almost everything a soldier normally does. They were there to guard a railway, protect some supplies, and assist a Czech army that had already rescued itself. They were not to take sides in the Russian civil war raging around them. They were not to interfere in Russian internal affairs. They were not to do what every one of their Allied partners was doing.For nineteen months, their commander — Major General William S. Graves, a Missouri-bred officer of absolute professional integrity — followed those orders with a literal-minded fidelity that enraged the British, frustrated the French, alarmed the Japanese, and produced the only morally defensible American military conduct in one of the most savage theatres of the twentieth century. Around him, Cossack warlords financed by Japan massacred thousands of civilians. A White Russian admiral struggled and failed to win a war his own forces were losing with their terror. The Czech Legion fought its way across a continent to a country that had not yet existed when it set out.Frozen Mandate is the full, unsparing narrative of America's forgotten war in Siberia — the first act of the Cold War, conducted without a declaration, concluded without victory, and buried without honest reckoning. It is a story about what happens when a great power deploys its soldiers with inadequate orders into an impossible situation, and about the rare officer who holds to his mandate when everyone around him demands he abandon it.