M. M. Botvinnik – författare

Much water has flowed over the dam since this book went to press in Moscow. One might expect that PIONEER would have made substantial advances-unfortunately it has not. There are reasons: the difficulty of the problem, the disenchantment of the mathematicians (because of the delays and drawing out of the work), and principally the insufficiency and some­ times complete lack of machine time. The general method used by PIONEER to solve complex multidimen­ sional search problems had already been formulated at that time. It was supposed that the successful completion of the chess program PIONEER-l would provide a sufficient validation for the method. We did not succeed in completing it. But, unexpectedly, PIONEER''s method obtained a different kind of validation. Since our group of mathematicians works at the Institute for Electroen­ ergy, we were invited to solve some energy-related problems and were assigned the task of constructing a program that would plan the recondi­ tioning of the equipment in power stations-initially for one month. Until then, the technicians had been preparing such plans without the aid of computers. Although the chess program was not complete even after ten years, the program PIONEER-2 for computing the monthly repair schedule for the Interconnected Power System of Russian Central was completed in a few months. In mid-October of 1980 a medium-speed computer constructed the plan in 40 seconds. When, at the end of the month, the mathematician A.

Much water has flowed over the dam since this book went to press in Moscow. One might expect that PIONEER would have made substantial advances-unfortunately it has not. There are reasons: the difficulty of the problem, the disenchantment of the mathematicians (because of the delays and drawing out of the work), and principally the insufficiency and some­ times complete lack of machine time. The general method used by PIONEER to solve complex multidimen­ sional search problems had already been formulated at that time. It was supposed that the successful completion of the chess program PIONEER-l would provide a sufficient validation for the method. We did not succeed in completing it. But, unexpectedly, PIONEER's method obtained a different kind of validation. Since our group of mathematicians works at the Institute for Electroen­ ergy, we were invited to solve some energy-related problems and were assigned the task of constructing a program that would plan the recondi­ tioning of the equipment in power stations-initially for one month. Until then, the technicians had been preparing such plans without the aid of computers. Although the chess program was not complete even after ten years, the program PIONEER-2 for computing the monthly repair schedule for the Interconnected Power System of Russian Central was completed in a few months. In mid-October of 1980 a medium-speed computer constructed the plan in 40 seconds. When, at the end of the month, the mathematician A.

Asynchronized Synchronous Machines focuses on the theoretical research on asynchronized synchronous (AS) machines, which are "hybrids of synchronous and induction machines that can operate with slip. Topics covered in this book include the initial equations; vector diagram of an AS machine; regulation in cases of deviation from the law of full compensation; parameters of the excitation system; and schematic diagram of an excitation regulator. The possible applications of AS machines and its calculations in certain cases are also discussed. This publication is beneficial for students and individuals researching on the theories of AS machines.

In diesem Buch darf ich erstmals in deutscher Sprache umfassend und aktuell meine Ar­ beit an Grundlagen und Realisierung eines Computer-Schachprogramms vorstellen. Seit nunmehr gut zehn Jahren bemühen sich meine Mitarbeiter und ich um die Verfolgung eines anderen Ansatzes bei der Schachprogrammi erung als fast alle übri gen "Konkurrenten" der Wel t. Der intellektuelle Streit entzündet sich an der Fragestellung, ob vorrangig Schnellig­ keit, Speichergröße und Zuverlässigkeit von Rechnern auszunutzen seien, oder die Mo­ dellierung menschlicher Denkweisen beim Schachspielen angestrebt werden soll. Während die meisten Kollegen in aller Welt die erste Meinung vertreten und mit den nach der sogenannten "brute-force"-Methode spielenden Programmen auch erstaunliche Erfolge er­ zielen konnten, bin ich mit wenigen anderen Kritikern der Meinung, daß nur der zweite Ansatz auf Dauer die Spielstärke der Programme entscheidend verbessern kann. Natürlich gehen wir den weitaus schwereren Weg bei der Realisierung, denn die theore­ tischen Grundlagen und die notwendigen Programmsysteme sind um vieles komplexer. So­ mit müssen wir einen langen Atem beweisen und nicht um kurzfristiger Scheinerfolge willen das große Ziel gefährden. Ich bin aber sehr froh, daß inzwischen auch unsere Programmierung weitgehend abgeschlossen ist, und unser Programm "PIONI ER" erste prak­ tische Erfolge bei der Lösung von Studien nachweisen kann. Daher wird dieses Buch gerade zum richtigen Zeitpunkt erscheinen. Im Hauptteil dieses Werkes habe ich die allgemeinen Grundlagen ausführlich dargestellt, die für die Konzeption eines Schachprogramms, aber auch verwandter Problemstellungen notwendig sind.