M. Z. Atassi – författare

The structural features responsible for the immunogenicity of certain parts of native protein molecules have been of interest to immunochem­ ists and protein chemists for over three decades. However, until re­ cently no concerted effort was (or could be) devoted to the elucidation of the complete antigenic structure of a protein. In order for these en­ deavors to be successful and meaningful, knowledge of both the amino acid sequence and the detailed three-dimensional structure of the protein is necessary. Such information was not available for a protein until early in the 1960s. This and the fact that protein chemistry was not in fact sufficiently developed early in the 1960s to enable the successful unrav­ eling of the entire antigenic structure of a protein were major reasons for the slow progress in this field. Determination of the antigenic structures of proteins, therefore, posed a chemical challenge of enormous propor­ tions. For these reasons, many investigators diverted their attention to study of the immunochemistry of amino acid polymers in the hope that the information derived from these systems might prove useful in the understanding of the immunochemistry of proteins. A great many data on these systems were accumulated that have provided valuable infor­ mation on the immune mechanism. Unfortunately, it has now become clear the information from amino acid polymers has not helped in under­ standing the immunochemistry of proteins.

The structural features responsible for the immunogenicity of certain parts of native protein molecules have been of interest to immunochem­ ists and protein chemists for over three decades. However, until re­ cently no concerted effort was (or could be) devoted to the elucidation of the complete antigenic structure of a protein. In order for these en­ deavors to be successful and meaningful, knowledge of both the amino acid sequence and the detailed three-dimensional structure of the protein is necessary. Such information was not available for a protein until early in the 1960s. This and the fact that protein chemistry was not in fact sufficiently developed early in the 1960s to enable the successful unrav­ eling of the entire antigenic structure of a protein were major reasons for the slow progress in this field. Determination of the antigenic structures of proteins, therefore, posed a chemical challenge of enormous propor­ tions. For these reasons, many investigators diverted their attention to study of the immunochemistry of amino acid polymers in the hope that the information derived from these systems might prove useful in the understanding of the immunochemistry of proteins. A great many data on these systems were accumulated that have provided valuable infor­ mation on the immune mechanism. Unfortunately, it has now become clear the information from amino acid polymers has not helped in under­ standing the immunochemistry of proteins.

This symposia series, founded in 1976, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of knowledge in the field in immunology, particularly as it relates to the immune recognition and responses to protein and peptide antigens. Leading investigators are convened every 2 or 3 years for the purpose of consolidating the research on protein and peptide antigens of defined structure and to focus on these findings in the context of contemporary immunology. Each symposium has focussed on a particular aspect of molecular and cellular immunology of proteins and peptides. It is extremely gratifying that, in the last 2-3 years, the scientific community has shown a heightened interest in the study and understanding of protein and peptide antigens. The third symposium was devoted to viral and bacterial antigens. Great advances have been made in recent years in the elucidation and synthesis of protein antigenic sites. These, together with advances in cloning, expression and sequencing of protein genes, have offered new avenues for the preparation of synthetic vaccines for viral, bacterial and other antigens. Such vaccines have been the aspiration of immunologists for over 20 years. The meeting has served to integrate and correlate the current knowledge of these systems with developing trends in immunology and to identify the most promising new directions for future investigations.