Women took part in perilous resistance missions during World War II alongside a much larger number of male resistance agents. This book presents the lives of eight women who, at profound risk to themselves, chose to challenge the Third Reich. Hailing from diverse regions of the world--the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and North America--the women shared privileged backgrounds of financial and social prominence as well as a profound sense of social justice. As to their deeds with the Resistance, they ranged from forging documents and hiding persecuted Jews to orchestrating sabotage operations and crafting a nonviolent protest movement within Nazi Germany itself. As could be expected, the costs were great, capture and execution among them, but the women's achievements did succeed in helping to win the war.

This book describes the clandestine missions that were defining moments in the evolution of the Mossad, including its pursuit of the Black September terrorists who murdered Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic Games, its acquisition on the high seas of yellowcake uranium for Israel's undeclared nuclear weapons program, and its role in bringing to justice Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann. The agency's more questionable deeds are also covered, among them the assassination of civilian scientists associated with Iraq's nuclear energy program and the abduction of Israeli citizen Mordechai Vanunu, who, like Edward Snowden, has been variously depicted as a principled whistleblower and an unscrupulous traitor. Taken together, the missions discussed in this volume illustrate the Mossad's character, creativity and courage, while acknowledging the problematical moral dimensions of its operations.

Confronting the psychological, social, sexual, legal, and political issues at stake in the coming-out process, Acts of Disclosure: The Coming-Out Process of Contemporary Gay Men uses research findings and first-hand accounts to help gay adolescents and men accept and embrace their sexual identity as an integral part of their being. Offering helpful advice and specific suggestions that will guide you through the coming-out process, this text also teaches family, friends, and colleagues how they can support and encourage you in this challenge.A roadmap through the confusing process of coming to terms with your sexuality both privately and publicly, Acts of Disclosure walks you step-by-step through the stages of coming out, the emotions involved, the potential pitfalls, and the kinds of receptions you may meet. It points out both healthy and self-destructive coping strategies and teaches you how to take responsibility for your sexuality. You will find its discussions straightforward, honest, and direct, as it broaches the following topics:

coming out in American schools expressing your sexual identity on the job the harmful effects of involuntary public exposure why some parents adjust better than others to the fact that they have a gay child the damaging effects of social myths attached to homosexuality the emotional and behavioral reactions wives have after discovering that their husbands are gay how to anticipate a possible “outing” against oneself and the advantages of coming out to prevent such an act compulsory social programming that may be deeply injurious to gay adolescents disclosing your sexual identity after the onset of AIDSGay males of all ages, parents, friends, children, therapists, psychologists, social workers, and educators who read Acts of Disclosure will realize their error in treating gay sexual identity as undesirable, shameful, or second-rate. As you turn the last page of this comprehensive and enlightening book, you will likely find yourself with an appreciation of gay male sexuality as well as with a better understanding of the complexities of human nature.

Confronting the psychological, social, sexual, legal, and political issues at stake in the coming-out process, Acts of Disclosure: The Coming-Out Process of Contemporary Gay Men uses research findings and first-hand accounts to help gay adolescents and men accept and embrace their sexual identity as an integral part of their being. Offering helpful advice and specific suggestions that will guide you through the coming-out process, this text also teaches family, friends, and colleagues how they can support and encourage you in this challenge.A roadmap through the confusing process of coming to terms with your sexuality both privately and publicly, Acts of Disclosure walks you step-by-step through the stages of coming out, the emotions involved, the potential pitfalls, and the kinds of receptions you may meet. It points out both healthy and self-destructive coping strategies and teaches you how to take responsibility for your sexuality. You will find its discussions straightforward, honest, and direct, as it broaches the following topics:

coming out in American schools expressing your sexual identity on the job the harmful effects of involuntary public exposure why some parents adjust better than others to the fact that they have a gay child the damaging effects of social myths attached to homosexuality the emotional and behavioral reactions wives have after discovering that their husbands are gay how to anticipate a possible “outing” against oneself and the advantages of coming out to prevent such an act compulsory social programming that may be deeply injurious to gay adolescents disclosing your sexual identity after the onset of AIDSGay males of all ages, parents, friends, children, therapists, psychologists, social workers, and educators who read Acts of Disclosure will realize their error in treating gay sexual identity as undesirable, shameful, or second-rate. As you turn the last page of this comprehensive and enlightening book, you will likely find yourself with an appreciation of gay male sexuality as well as with a better understanding of the complexities of human nature.

Learn the cost of being gay (or perceived as gay) for three historical figuresNoble Lives examines how sexual orientation affected the careers of two historical figures generally accepted as gay, and a third whose sexual identity was in constant question during his lifetime. This unique book features comprehensive biographical accounts of Jazz Age author Glenway Wescott, Academy Award-winning composer Aaron Copland, and Nobel Peace Laureate Dag Hammarskjöld, addressing the relationship between their sexuality and their achievements in literature, the social sciences, musical composition, diplomacy, and global politics. Noble Lives is the first English-language text to thoroughlyand objectivelyexplore the troubled sexuality of Sweden''s Hammarskjöld, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations. Noble Lives is a colorful and concise read that puts a historical perspective on the public and private lives of three important twentieth-century figures:

Glenway WescottAuthor and political progressive, he used his life to enlighten society through his persistent efforts to enhance the public’s awareness and acceptance of homosexuality. Though his early work (The Grandmothers, The Pilgrim Hawk) was well-received, Wescott’s career suffered from his inability to write honestly from his own experiences as a gay man, and his output was limited by the unwillingness of English-language publishers to release literary works having same-sex themes. He published his last novel in 1945 and for the next 40 years was something of an elder statesman of American literature, dealing with censorship laws, defending controversial members of the literary community, and advancing ideals of freedom of thought and expression. He worked closely in the 1950s with Alfred Kinsey, Director of the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University, to develop objective research into gay sexuality. Aaron CoplandHailed by The New York Times as the pioneer of American music, he lived an openly gay life without regret in an era when the general public held neither his sexual orientation nor his Jewish background in high esteem. Copland was accused of promoting gay musicians based on their sexuality rather than their ability and was rumored to be part of a fraternity of gay composersa Hominternbut overcame the discrimination he faced to receive a Pulitzer Prize, an Academy Award, and presidential medals from three administrations. In the years following his persecution by Sen. Joseph McCarthy and the Senate’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Copland produced his most personal workThe Tender Land, a musical drama thought by most to be the autobiographical account of a gay man living in conservative times and perceived as a "coming-out tale." Dag HammarskjöldDespite holding a position of public prominence as Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1953 until his death in 1961, he managed to withhold even the most minor details of his personal life from the world. Even his posthumously published journal, Markings, shies away from any mention of his private life. Possibly asexual, probably homosexual, Hammarskjöld was unable to accept his sexuality and lived an unhappy, frustrated life of sexual abstinence, suffering slurs from political figures and the international media. But though he couldn’t resolve his own internal conflicts, he was masterful at settling external conflicts as he worked to solve disputes in Palestine, Vietnam, Egypt, and the Congo.

Noble Lives is an invaluable reference source for LGBT readers, providing an understanding and appreciation of those who paved the way during an unenlightened and unforgiving time. It’s also an excellent resource for mainstream readers with an interest in biography and the history of the twentieth

Learn the cost of being gay (or perceived as gay) for three historical figuresNoble Lives examines how sexual orientation affected the careers of two historical figures generally accepted as gay, and a third whose sexual identity was in constant question during his lifetime. This unique book features comprehensive biographical accounts of Jazz Age author Glenway Wescott, Academy Award-winning composer Aaron Copland, and Nobel Peace Laureate Dag Hammarskjöld, addressing the relationship between their sexuality and their achievements in literature, the social sciences, musical composition, diplomacy, and global politics. Noble Lives is the first English-language text to thoroughlyand objectivelyexplore the troubled sexuality of Sweden''s Hammarskjöld, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations. Noble Lives is a colorful and concise read that puts a historical perspective on the public and private lives of three important twentieth-century figures:

Glenway WescottAuthor and political progressive, he used his life to enlighten society through his persistent efforts to enhance the public’s awareness and acceptance of homosexuality. Though his early work (The Grandmothers, The Pilgrim Hawk) was well-received, Wescott’s career suffered from his inability to write honestly from his own experiences as a gay man, and his output was limited by the unwillingness of English-language publishers to release literary works having same-sex themes. He published his last novel in 1945 and for the next 40 years was something of an elder statesman of American literature, dealing with censorship laws, defending controversial members of the literary community, and advancing ideals of freedom of thought and expression. He worked closely in the 1950s with Alfred Kinsey, Director of the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University, to develop objective research into gay sexuality. Aaron CoplandHailed by The New York Times as the pioneer of American music, he lived an openly gay life without regret in an era when the general public held neither his sexual orientation nor his Jewish background in high esteem. Copland was accused of promoting gay musicians based on their sexuality rather than their ability and was rumored to be part of a fraternity of gay composersa Hominternbut overcame the discrimination he faced to receive a Pulitzer Prize, an Academy Award, and presidential medals from three administrations. In the years following his persecution by Sen. Joseph McCarthy and the Senate’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Copland produced his most personal workThe Tender Land, a musical drama thought by most to be the autobiographical account of a gay man living in conservative times and perceived as a "coming-out tale." Dag HammarskjöldDespite holding a position of public prominence as Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1953 until his death in 1961, he managed to withhold even the most minor details of his personal life from the world. Even his posthumously published journal, Markings, shies away from any mention of his private life. Possibly asexual, probably homosexual, Hammarskjöld was unable to accept his sexuality and lived an unhappy, frustrated life of sexual abstinence, suffering slurs from political figures and the international media. But though he couldn’t resolve his own internal conflicts, he was masterful at settling external conflicts as he worked to solve disputes in Palestine, Vietnam, Egypt, and the Congo.

Noble Lives is an invaluable reference source for LGBT readers, providing an understanding and appreciation of those who paved the way during an unenlightened and unforgiving time. It’s also an excellent resource for mainstream readers with an interest in biography and the history of the twentieth

Examine the cornerstone incidents of modern gay political history!Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century is a compelling and thorough examination of same-sex controversies that range from accusations of obscenity and libel to espionage, treason, murder, and political dissent, with penalties that included censorship, imprisonment, deportation, and death. In each case, scandal brought the subject of homosexuality into public view in an explosive, sensational manner, stalling (and sometimes reversing) any progress made by the gay and lesbian community in mainstream society. Author Marc E. Vargo details the dignity, courage, and wisdom displayed by the gay men and women under attack in the face of public judgment.A unique blend of biography and gay political history, Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century recounts seven international incidents that tally the cost of being homosexual in a heterosexual society. In each episode, gay men or lesbians are targeted for legal persecution, subjected to sensationalized media coverage, and publicly condemned. The book examines the short- and long-term consequences of each controversy for those involved and the impact each scandal had on gay and mainstream society.Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century documents the stories of:

Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini--his 1975 murder and its subsequent cover-up British diplomats Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean--their defection to Russia at the height of the Cold War Cuban political dissident Reinaldo Arenas--his imprisonment in the 1960s that led to the exposure of the violent homophobia of the Castro regime Irish consul Roger Casement--his execution on treason charges and the later accusation that crucial evidence had been forged South African human rights activist Simon Nkoli--his persecution by his country''s all-white, pro-apartheid government British writer Radclyffe Hall--the obscenity trial in the 1920s surrounding her novel, The Well of Loneliness German emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II--the exposé of his relationship with Prince Eulenburg

A scholarly work of historical significance, Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century is written in a straightforward tone that appeals to academics, students, and interested readers, gay or straight. The book stands alone as a record of the role played by public opinion in modern gay history.

Examine the cornerstone incidents of modern gay political history!Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century is a compelling and thorough examination of same-sex controversies that range from accusations of obscenity and libel to espionage, treason, murder, and political dissent, with penalties that included censorship, imprisonment, deportation, and death. In each case, scandal brought the subject of homosexuality into public view in an explosive, sensational manner, stalling (and sometimes reversing) any progress made by the gay and lesbian community in mainstream society. Author Marc E. Vargo details the dignity, courage, and wisdom displayed by the gay men and women under attack in the face of public judgment.A unique blend of biography and gay political history, Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century recounts seven international incidents that tally the cost of being homosexual in a heterosexual society. In each episode, gay men or lesbians are targeted for legal persecution, subjected to sensationalized media coverage, and publicly condemned. The book examines the short- and long-term consequences of each controversy for those involved and the impact each scandal had on gay and mainstream society.Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century documents the stories of:

Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini--his 1975 murder and its subsequent cover-up British diplomats Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean--their defection to Russia at the height of the Cold War Cuban political dissident Reinaldo Arenas--his imprisonment in the 1960s that led to the exposure of the violent homophobia of the Castro regime Irish consul Roger Casement--his execution on treason charges and the later accusation that crucial evidence had been forged South African human rights activist Simon Nkoli--his persecution by his country''s all-white, pro-apartheid government British writer Radclyffe Hall--the obscenity trial in the 1920s surrounding her novel, The Well of Loneliness German emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II--the exposé of his relationship with Prince Eulenburg

A scholarly work of historical significance, Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century is written in a straightforward tone that appeals to academics, students, and interested readers, gay or straight. The book stands alone as a record of the role played by public opinion in modern gay history.

Focusing on three forms of biological threat--bioterrorism, biocrime and biohacking--the author examines the history of biowarfare and terrorism. Groups drawn to biological aggression are discussed, along with the array of viruses, bacteria and toxins they might use in their attacks. The phenomenon of biocrime--biological aggression targeting individuals for personal rather than ideological reasons--is explored, along with the growing trend of biohacking. Part II presents case studies of bioterrorism and biocrime from the United States and Japan.

Venturing into the ever-shifting panorama of airborne terrorism, this book immerses the reader in a vivid retelling of pivotal incidents from recent history, while delving into the terrorists' favored methods of attack. These include hijackings, in-flight bombings, and precision missile strikes, as well as the rising peril of cyberattacks aimed at airports and commercial airliners mid-flight.Readers will encounter the controversial TWA Flight 800 disaster and the baffling vanishing act of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. These events ignited enduring discussions about terrorism and governmental transparency. The book ventures into the unsettling world of the September 11th attacks, where jetliners were transformed into guided missiles. Also witnessed are the chilling tales of "Black Widows"--Chechen female suicide bombers leaving their indelible mark on Russian soil. Also explored are Libyan culpability in the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, and UTA Flight 772 over the Sahara Desert. The evolution of security measures in air travel is chronicled and an examination is given of emerging biometric technologies along with security protocols relevant to the post-Covid era.

Learn the cost of being gay (or perceived as gay) for three historical figuresNoble Lives examines how sexual orientation affected the careers of two historical figures generally accepted as gay, and a third whose sexual identity was in constant question during his lifetime. This unique book features comprehensive biographical accounts of Jazz Age author Glenway Wescott, Academy Award-winning composer Aaron Copland, and Nobel Peace Laureate Dag Hammarskjöld, addressing the relationship between their sexuality and their achievements in literature, the social sciences, musical composition, diplomacy, and global politics. Noble Lives is the first English-language text to thoroughlyand objectivelyexplore the troubled sexuality of Sweden's Hammarskjöld, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations. Noble Lives is a colorful and concise read that puts a historical perspective on the public and private lives of three important twentieth-century figures:Glenway WescottAuthor and political progressive, he used his life to enlighten society through his persistent efforts to enhance the public’s awareness and acceptance of homosexuality. Though his early work (The Grandmothers, The Pilgrim Hawk) was well-received, Wescott’s career suffered from his inability to write honestly from his own experiences as a gay man, and his output was limited by the unwillingness of English-language publishers to release literary works having same-sex themes. He published his last novel in 1945 and for the next 40 years was something of an elder statesman of American literature, dealing with censorship laws, defending controversial members of the literary community, and advancing ideals of freedom of thought and expression. He worked closely in the 1950s with Alfred Kinsey, Director of the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University, to develop objective research into gay sexuality. Aaron CoplandHailed by The New York Times as the pioneer of American music, he lived an openly gay life without regret in an era when the general public held neither his sexual orientation nor his Jewish background in high esteem. Copland was accused of promoting gay musicians based on their sexuality rather than their ability and was rumored to be part of a fraternity of gay composersa Hominternbut overcame the discrimination he faced to receive a Pulitzer Prize, an Academy Award, and presidential medals from three administrations. In the years following his persecution by Sen. Joseph McCarthy and the Senate’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Copland produced his most personal workThe Tender Land, a musical drama thought by most to be the autobiographical account of a gay man living in conservative times and perceived as a "coming-out tale." Dag HammarskjöldDespite holding a position of public prominence as Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1953 until his death in 1961, he managed to withhold even the most minor details of his personal life from the world. Even his posthumously published journal, Markings, shies away from any mention of his private life. Possibly asexual, probably homosexual, Hammarskjöld was unable to accept his sexuality and lived an unhappy, frustrated life of sexual abstinence, suffering slurs from political figures and the international media. But though he couldn’t resolve his own internal conflicts, he was masterful at settling external conflicts as he worked to solve disputes in Palestine, Vietnam, Egypt, and the Congo.Noble Lives is an invaluable reference source for LGBT readers, providing an understanding and appreciation of those who paved the way during an unenlightened and unforgiving time. It’s also an excellent resource for mainstream readers with an interest in biography and the history of the twentieth

Confronting the psychological, social, sexual, legal, and political issues at stake in the coming-out process, Acts of Disclosure: The Coming-Out Process of Contemporary Gay Men uses research findings and first-hand accounts to help gay adolescents and men accept and embrace their sexual identity as an integral part of their being. Offering helpful advice and specific suggestions that will guide you through the coming-out process, this text also teaches family, friends, and colleagues how they can support and encourage you in this challenge.A roadmap through the confusing process of coming to terms with your sexuality both privately and publicly, Acts of Disclosure walks you step-by-step through the stages of coming out, the emotions involved, the potential pitfalls, and the kinds of receptions you may meet. It points out both healthy and self-destructive coping strategies and teaches you how to take responsibility for your sexuality. You will find its discussions straightforward, honest, and direct, as it broaches the following topics:coming out in American schools expressing your sexual identity on the job the harmful effects of involuntary public exposure why some parents adjust better than others to the fact that they have a gay child the damaging effects of social myths attached to homosexuality the emotional and behavioral reactions wives have after discovering that their husbands are gay how to anticipate a possible “outing” against oneself and the advantages of coming out to prevent such an act compulsory social programming that may be deeply injurious to gay adolescents disclosing your sexual identity after the onset of AIDSGay males of all ages, parents, friends, children, therapists, psychologists, social workers, and educators who read Acts of Disclosure will realize their error in treating gay sexual identity as undesirable, shameful, or second-rate. As you turn the last page of this comprehensive and enlightening book, you will likely find yourself with an appreciation of gay male sexuality as well as with a better understanding of the complexities of human nature.

Confronting the psychological, social, sexual, legal, and political issues at stake in the coming-out process, Acts of Disclosure: The Coming-Out Process of Contemporary Gay Men uses research findings and first-hand accounts to help gay adolescents and men accept and embrace their sexual identity as an integral part of their being. Offering helpful advice and specific suggestions that will guide you through the coming-out process, this text also teaches family, friends, and colleagues how they can support and encourage you in this challenge.A roadmap through the confusing process of coming to terms with your sexuality both privately and publicly, Acts of Disclosure walks you step-by-step through the stages of coming out, the emotions involved, the potential pitfalls, and the kinds of receptions you may meet. It points out both healthy and self-destructive coping strategies and teaches you how to take responsibility for your sexuality. You will find its discussions straightforward, honest, and direct, as it broaches the following topics:coming out in American schools expressing your sexual identity on the job the harmful effects of involuntary public exposure why some parents adjust better than others to the fact that they have a gay child the damaging effects of social myths attached to homosexuality the emotional and behavioral reactions wives have after discovering that their husbands are gay how to anticipate a possible “outing” against oneself and the advantages of coming out to prevent such an act compulsory social programming that may be deeply injurious to gay adolescents disclosing your sexual identity after the onset of AIDSGay males of all ages, parents, friends, children, therapists, psychologists, social workers, and educators who read Acts of Disclosure will realize their error in treating gay sexual identity as undesirable, shameful, or second-rate. As you turn the last page of this comprehensive and enlightening book, you will likely find yourself with an appreciation of gay male sexuality as well as with a better understanding of the complexities of human nature.

A torrent of Islamist terrorism swept across France in 2015 and 2016, executed by militant jihadists on behalf of al-Qaeda and the Islamic State (ISIS). Their targets ranged from the Paris offices of Charlie Hebdo magazine to the Bataclan Theatre on the Boulevard Voltaire to a parish church in a Normandy village and a beachfront promenade on the Mediterranean. This book reconstructs these and other terrorist offensives France weathered during this period. Placing each attack in its sociopolitical context, the author examines the backgrounds and motives of the perpetrators, the attributes of the victims and the legacy of the attacks for the people.

Learn the cost of being gay (or perceived as gay) for three historical figuresNoble Lives examines how sexual orientation affected the careers of two historical figures generally accepted as gay, and a third whose sexual identity was in constant question during his lifetime. This unique book features comprehensive biographical accounts of Jazz Age author Glenway Wescott, Academy Award-winning composer Aaron Copland, and Nobel Peace Laureate Dag Hammarskjöld, addressing the relationship between their sexuality and their achievements in literature, the social sciences, musical composition, diplomacy, and global politics. Noble Lives is the first English-language text to thoroughlyand objectivelyexplore the troubled sexuality of Sweden's Hammarskjöld, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations. Noble Lives is a colorful and concise read that puts a historical perspective on the public and private lives of three important twentieth-century figures:Glenway WescottAuthor and political progressive, he used his life to enlighten society through his persistent efforts to enhance the public’s awareness and acceptance of homosexuality. Though his early work (The Grandmothers, The Pilgrim Hawk) was well-received, Wescott’s career suffered from his inability to write honestly from his own experiences as a gay man, and his output was limited by the unwillingness of English-language publishers to release literary works having same-sex themes. He published his last novel in 1945 and for the next 40 years was something of an elder statesman of American literature, dealing with censorship laws, defending controversial members of the literary community, and advancing ideals of freedom of thought and expression. He worked closely in the 1950s with Alfred Kinsey, Director of the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University, to develop objective research into gay sexuality. Aaron CoplandHailed by The New York Times as the pioneer of American music, he lived an openly gay life without regret in an era when the general public held neither his sexual orientation nor his Jewish background in high esteem. Copland was accused of promoting gay musicians based on their sexuality rather than their ability and was rumored to be part of a fraternity of gay composersa Hominternbut overcame the discrimination he faced to receive a Pulitzer Prize, an Academy Award, and presidential medals from three administrations. In the years following his persecution by Sen. Joseph McCarthy and the Senate’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Copland produced his most personal workThe Tender Land, a musical drama thought by most to be the autobiographical account of a gay man living in conservative times and perceived as a "coming-out tale." Dag HammarskjöldDespite holding a position of public prominence as Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1953 until his death in 1961, he managed to withhold even the most minor details of his personal life from the world. Even his posthumously published journal, Markings, shies away from any mention of his private life. Possibly asexual, probably homosexual, Hammarskjöld was unable to accept his sexuality and lived an unhappy, frustrated life of sexual abstinence, suffering slurs from political figures and the international media. But though he couldn’t resolve his own internal conflicts, he was masterful at settling external conflicts as he worked to solve disputes in Palestine, Vietnam, Egypt, and the Congo.Noble Lives is an invaluable reference source for LGBT readers, providing an understanding and appreciation of those who paved the way during an unenlightened and unforgiving time. It’s also an excellent resource for mainstream readers with an interest in biography and the history of the twentieth

Women took part in perilous resistance missions during World War II alongside a much larger number of male resistance agents. This book presents the lives of eight women who, at profound risk to themselves, chose to challenge the Third Reich. Hailing from diverse regions of the world--the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and North America--the women shared privileged backgrounds of financial and social prominence as well as a profound sense of social justice. As to their deeds with the Resistance, they ranged from forging documents and hiding persecuted Jews to orchestrating sabotage operations and crafting a nonviolent protest movement within Nazi Germany itself. As could be expected, the costs were great, capture and execution among them, but the women's achievements did succeed in helping to win the war.

This book describes the clandestine missions that were defining moments in the evolution of the Mossad, including its pursuit of the Black September terrorists who murdered Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic Games, its acquisition on the high seas of yellowcake uranium for Israel's undeclared nuclear weapons program, and its role in bringing to justice Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann. The agency's more questionable deeds are also covered, among them the assassination of civilian scientists associated with Iraq's nuclear energy program and the abduction of Israeli citizen Mordechai Vanunu, who, like Edward Snowden, has been variously depicted as a principled whistleblower and an unscrupulous traitor. Taken together, the missions discussed in this volume illustrate the Mossad's character, creativity and courage, while acknowledging the problematical moral dimensions of its operations.

Confronting the psychological, social, sexual, legal, and political issues at stake in the coming-out process, Acts of Disclosure: The Coming-Out Process of Contemporary Gay Men uses research findings and first-hand accounts to help gay adolescents and men accept and embrace their sexual identity as an integral part of their being. Offering helpful advice and specific suggestions that will guide you through the coming-out process, this text also teaches family, friends, and colleagues how they can support and encourage you in this challenge.A roadmap through the confusing process of coming to terms with your sexuality both privately and publicly, Acts of Disclosure walks you step-by-step through the stages of coming out, the emotions involved, the potential pitfalls, and the kinds of receptions you may meet. It points out both healthy and self-destructive coping strategies and teaches you how to take responsibility for your sexuality. You will find its discussions straightforward, honest, and direct, as it broaches the following topics:

coming out in American schools expressing your sexual identity on the job the harmful effects of involuntary public exposure why some parents adjust better than others to the fact that they have a gay child the damaging effects of social myths attached to homosexuality the emotional and behavioral reactions wives have after discovering that their husbands are gay how to anticipate a possible “outing” against oneself and the advantages of coming out to prevent such an act compulsory social programming that may be deeply injurious to gay adolescents disclosing your sexual identity after the onset of AIDSGay males of all ages, parents, friends, children, therapists, psychologists, social workers, and educators who read Acts of Disclosure will realize their error in treating gay sexual identity as undesirable, shameful, or second-rate. As you turn the last page of this comprehensive and enlightening book, you will likely find yourself with an appreciation of gay male sexuality as well as with a better understanding of the complexities of human nature.

Confronting the psychological, social, sexual, legal, and political issues at stake in the coming-out process, Acts of Disclosure: The Coming-Out Process of Contemporary Gay Men uses research findings and first-hand accounts to help gay adolescents and men accept and embrace their sexual identity as an integral part of their being. Offering helpful advice and specific suggestions that will guide you through the coming-out process, this text also teaches family, friends, and colleagues how they can support and encourage you in this challenge.A roadmap through the confusing process of coming to terms with your sexuality both privately and publicly, Acts of Disclosure walks you step-by-step through the stages of coming out, the emotions involved, the potential pitfalls, and the kinds of receptions you may meet. It points out both healthy and self-destructive coping strategies and teaches you how to take responsibility for your sexuality. You will find its discussions straightforward, honest, and direct, as it broaches the following topics:

coming out in American schools expressing your sexual identity on the job the harmful effects of involuntary public exposure why some parents adjust better than others to the fact that they have a gay child the damaging effects of social myths attached to homosexuality the emotional and behavioral reactions wives have after discovering that their husbands are gay how to anticipate a possible “outing” against oneself and the advantages of coming out to prevent such an act compulsory social programming that may be deeply injurious to gay adolescents disclosing your sexual identity after the onset of AIDSGay males of all ages, parents, friends, children, therapists, psychologists, social workers, and educators who read Acts of Disclosure will realize their error in treating gay sexual identity as undesirable, shameful, or second-rate. As you turn the last page of this comprehensive and enlightening book, you will likely find yourself with an appreciation of gay male sexuality as well as with a better understanding of the complexities of human nature.

Learn the cost of being gay (or perceived as gay) for three historical figuresNoble Lives examines how sexual orientation affected the careers of two historical figures generally accepted as gay, and a third whose sexual identity was in constant question during his lifetime. This unique book features comprehensive biographical accounts of Jazz Age author Glenway Wescott, Academy Award-winning composer Aaron Copland, and Nobel Peace Laureate Dag Hammarskjöld, addressing the relationship between their sexuality and their achievements in literature, the social sciences, musical composition, diplomacy, and global politics. Noble Lives is the first English-language text to thoroughlyand objectivelyexplore the troubled sexuality of Sweden''s Hammarskjöld, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations. Noble Lives is a colorful and concise read that puts a historical perspective on the public and private lives of three important twentieth-century figures:

Glenway WescottAuthor and political progressive, he used his life to enlighten society through his persistent efforts to enhance the public’s awareness and acceptance of homosexuality. Though his early work (The Grandmothers, The Pilgrim Hawk) was well-received, Wescott’s career suffered from his inability to write honestly from his own experiences as a gay man, and his output was limited by the unwillingness of English-language publishers to release literary works having same-sex themes. He published his last novel in 1945 and for the next 40 years was something of an elder statesman of American literature, dealing with censorship laws, defending controversial members of the literary community, and advancing ideals of freedom of thought and expression. He worked closely in the 1950s with Alfred Kinsey, Director of the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University, to develop objective research into gay sexuality. Aaron CoplandHailed by The New York Times as the pioneer of American music, he lived an openly gay life without regret in an era when the general public held neither his sexual orientation nor his Jewish background in high esteem. Copland was accused of promoting gay musicians based on their sexuality rather than their ability and was rumored to be part of a fraternity of gay composersa Hominternbut overcame the discrimination he faced to receive a Pulitzer Prize, an Academy Award, and presidential medals from three administrations. In the years following his persecution by Sen. Joseph McCarthy and the Senate’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Copland produced his most personal workThe Tender Land, a musical drama thought by most to be the autobiographical account of a gay man living in conservative times and perceived as a "coming-out tale." Dag HammarskjöldDespite holding a position of public prominence as Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1953 until his death in 1961, he managed to withhold even the most minor details of his personal life from the world. Even his posthumously published journal, Markings, shies away from any mention of his private life. Possibly asexual, probably homosexual, Hammarskjöld was unable to accept his sexuality and lived an unhappy, frustrated life of sexual abstinence, suffering slurs from political figures and the international media. But though he couldn’t resolve his own internal conflicts, he was masterful at settling external conflicts as he worked to solve disputes in Palestine, Vietnam, Egypt, and the Congo.

Noble Lives is an invaluable reference source for LGBT readers, providing an understanding and appreciation of those who paved the way during an unenlightened and unforgiving time. It’s also an excellent resource for mainstream readers with an interest in biography and the history of the twentieth

Learn the cost of being gay (or perceived as gay) for three historical figuresNoble Lives examines how sexual orientation affected the careers of two historical figures generally accepted as gay, and a third whose sexual identity was in constant question during his lifetime. This unique book features comprehensive biographical accounts of Jazz Age author Glenway Wescott, Academy Award-winning composer Aaron Copland, and Nobel Peace Laureate Dag Hammarskjöld, addressing the relationship between their sexuality and their achievements in literature, the social sciences, musical composition, diplomacy, and global politics. Noble Lives is the first English-language text to thoroughlyand objectivelyexplore the troubled sexuality of Sweden''s Hammarskjöld, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations. Noble Lives is a colorful and concise read that puts a historical perspective on the public and private lives of three important twentieth-century figures:

Glenway WescottAuthor and political progressive, he used his life to enlighten society through his persistent efforts to enhance the public’s awareness and acceptance of homosexuality. Though his early work (The Grandmothers, The Pilgrim Hawk) was well-received, Wescott’s career suffered from his inability to write honestly from his own experiences as a gay man, and his output was limited by the unwillingness of English-language publishers to release literary works having same-sex themes. He published his last novel in 1945 and for the next 40 years was something of an elder statesman of American literature, dealing with censorship laws, defending controversial members of the literary community, and advancing ideals of freedom of thought and expression. He worked closely in the 1950s with Alfred Kinsey, Director of the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University, to develop objective research into gay sexuality. Aaron CoplandHailed by The New York Times as the pioneer of American music, he lived an openly gay life without regret in an era when the general public held neither his sexual orientation nor his Jewish background in high esteem. Copland was accused of promoting gay musicians based on their sexuality rather than their ability and was rumored to be part of a fraternity of gay composersa Hominternbut overcame the discrimination he faced to receive a Pulitzer Prize, an Academy Award, and presidential medals from three administrations. In the years following his persecution by Sen. Joseph McCarthy and the Senate’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Copland produced his most personal workThe Tender Land, a musical drama thought by most to be the autobiographical account of a gay man living in conservative times and perceived as a "coming-out tale." Dag HammarskjöldDespite holding a position of public prominence as Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1953 until his death in 1961, he managed to withhold even the most minor details of his personal life from the world. Even his posthumously published journal, Markings, shies away from any mention of his private life. Possibly asexual, probably homosexual, Hammarskjöld was unable to accept his sexuality and lived an unhappy, frustrated life of sexual abstinence, suffering slurs from political figures and the international media. But though he couldn’t resolve his own internal conflicts, he was masterful at settling external conflicts as he worked to solve disputes in Palestine, Vietnam, Egypt, and the Congo.

Noble Lives is an invaluable reference source for LGBT readers, providing an understanding and appreciation of those who paved the way during an unenlightened and unforgiving time. It’s also an excellent resource for mainstream readers with an interest in biography and the history of the twentieth

Examine the cornerstone incidents of modern gay political history!Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century is a compelling and thorough examination of same-sex controversies that range from accusations of obscenity and libel to espionage, treason, murder, and political dissent, with penalties that included censorship, imprisonment, deportation, and death. In each case, scandal brought the subject of homosexuality into public view in an explosive, sensational manner, stalling (and sometimes reversing) any progress made by the gay and lesbian community in mainstream society. Author Marc E. Vargo details the dignity, courage, and wisdom displayed by the gay men and women under attack in the face of public judgment.A unique blend of biography and gay political history, Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century recounts seven international incidents that tally the cost of being homosexual in a heterosexual society. In each episode, gay men or lesbians are targeted for legal persecution, subjected to sensationalized media coverage, and publicly condemned. The book examines the short- and long-term consequences of each controversy for those involved and the impact each scandal had on gay and mainstream society.Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century documents the stories of:

Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini--his 1975 murder and its subsequent cover-up British diplomats Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean--their defection to Russia at the height of the Cold War Cuban political dissident Reinaldo Arenas--his imprisonment in the 1960s that led to the exposure of the violent homophobia of the Castro regime Irish consul Roger Casement--his execution on treason charges and the later accusation that crucial evidence had been forged South African human rights activist Simon Nkoli--his persecution by his country''s all-white, pro-apartheid government British writer Radclyffe Hall--the obscenity trial in the 1920s surrounding her novel, The Well of Loneliness German emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II--the exposé of his relationship with Prince Eulenburg

A scholarly work of historical significance, Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century is written in a straightforward tone that appeals to academics, students, and interested readers, gay or straight. The book stands alone as a record of the role played by public opinion in modern gay history.

Examine the cornerstone incidents of modern gay political history!Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century is a compelling and thorough examination of same-sex controversies that range from accusations of obscenity and libel to espionage, treason, murder, and political dissent, with penalties that included censorship, imprisonment, deportation, and death. In each case, scandal brought the subject of homosexuality into public view in an explosive, sensational manner, stalling (and sometimes reversing) any progress made by the gay and lesbian community in mainstream society. Author Marc E. Vargo details the dignity, courage, and wisdom displayed by the gay men and women under attack in the face of public judgment.A unique blend of biography and gay political history, Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century recounts seven international incidents that tally the cost of being homosexual in a heterosexual society. In each episode, gay men or lesbians are targeted for legal persecution, subjected to sensationalized media coverage, and publicly condemned. The book examines the short- and long-term consequences of each controversy for those involved and the impact each scandal had on gay and mainstream society.Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century documents the stories of:

Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini--his 1975 murder and its subsequent cover-up British diplomats Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean--their defection to Russia at the height of the Cold War Cuban political dissident Reinaldo Arenas--his imprisonment in the 1960s that led to the exposure of the violent homophobia of the Castro regime Irish consul Roger Casement--his execution on treason charges and the later accusation that crucial evidence had been forged South African human rights activist Simon Nkoli--his persecution by his country''s all-white, pro-apartheid government British writer Radclyffe Hall--the obscenity trial in the 1920s surrounding her novel, The Well of Loneliness German emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II--the exposé of his relationship with Prince Eulenburg

A scholarly work of historical significance, Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century is written in a straightforward tone that appeals to academics, students, and interested readers, gay or straight. The book stands alone as a record of the role played by public opinion in modern gay history.

Focusing on three forms of biological threat--bioterrorism, biocrime and biohacking--the author examines the history of biowarfare and terrorism. Groups drawn to biological aggression are discussed, along with the array of viruses, bacteria and toxins they might use in their attacks. The phenomenon of biocrime--biological aggression targeting individuals for personal rather than ideological reasons--is explored, along with the growing trend of biohacking. Part II presents case studies of bioterrorism and biocrime from the United States and Japan.

Venturing into the ever-shifting panorama of airborne terrorism, this book immerses the reader in a vivid retelling of pivotal incidents from recent history, while delving into the terrorists' favored methods of attack. These include hijackings, in-flight bombings, and precision missile strikes, as well as the rising peril of cyberattacks aimed at airports and commercial airliners mid-flight.Readers will encounter the controversial TWA Flight 800 disaster and the baffling vanishing act of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. These events ignited enduring discussions about terrorism and governmental transparency. The book ventures into the unsettling world of the September 11th attacks, where jetliners were transformed into guided missiles. Also witnessed are the chilling tales of "Black Widows"--Chechen female suicide bombers leaving their indelible mark on Russian soil. Also explored are Libyan culpability in the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, and UTA Flight 772 over the Sahara Desert. The evolution of security measures in air travel is chronicled and an examination is given of emerging biometric technologies along with security protocols relevant to the post-Covid era.

Learn the cost of being gay (or perceived as gay) for three historical figuresNoble Lives examines how sexual orientation affected the careers of two historical figures generally accepted as gay, and a third whose sexual identity was in constant question during his lifetime. This unique book features comprehensive biographical accounts of Jazz Age author Glenway Wescott, Academy Award-winning composer Aaron Copland, and Nobel Peace Laureate Dag Hammarskjöld, addressing the relationship between their sexuality and their achievements in literature, the social sciences, musical composition, diplomacy, and global politics. Noble Lives is the first English-language text to thoroughlyand objectivelyexplore the troubled sexuality of Sweden's Hammarskjöld, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations. Noble Lives is a colorful and concise read that puts a historical perspective on the public and private lives of three important twentieth-century figures:Glenway WescottAuthor and political progressive, he used his life to enlighten society through his persistent efforts to enhance the public’s awareness and acceptance of homosexuality. Though his early work (The Grandmothers, The Pilgrim Hawk) was well-received, Wescott’s career suffered from his inability to write honestly from his own experiences as a gay man, and his output was limited by the unwillingness of English-language publishers to release literary works having same-sex themes. He published his last novel in 1945 and for the next 40 years was something of an elder statesman of American literature, dealing with censorship laws, defending controversial members of the literary community, and advancing ideals of freedom of thought and expression. He worked closely in the 1950s with Alfred Kinsey, Director of the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University, to develop objective research into gay sexuality. Aaron CoplandHailed by The New York Times as the pioneer of American music, he lived an openly gay life without regret in an era when the general public held neither his sexual orientation nor his Jewish background in high esteem. Copland was accused of promoting gay musicians based on their sexuality rather than their ability and was rumored to be part of a fraternity of gay composersa Hominternbut overcame the discrimination he faced to receive a Pulitzer Prize, an Academy Award, and presidential medals from three administrations. In the years following his persecution by Sen. Joseph McCarthy and the Senate’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Copland produced his most personal workThe Tender Land, a musical drama thought by most to be the autobiographical account of a gay man living in conservative times and perceived as a "coming-out tale." Dag HammarskjöldDespite holding a position of public prominence as Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1953 until his death in 1961, he managed to withhold even the most minor details of his personal life from the world. Even his posthumously published journal, Markings, shies away from any mention of his private life. Possibly asexual, probably homosexual, Hammarskjöld was unable to accept his sexuality and lived an unhappy, frustrated life of sexual abstinence, suffering slurs from political figures and the international media. But though he couldn’t resolve his own internal conflicts, he was masterful at settling external conflicts as he worked to solve disputes in Palestine, Vietnam, Egypt, and the Congo.Noble Lives is an invaluable reference source for LGBT readers, providing an understanding and appreciation of those who paved the way during an unenlightened and unforgiving time. It’s also an excellent resource for mainstream readers with an interest in biography and the history of the twentieth

Confronting the psychological, social, sexual, legal, and political issues at stake in the coming-out process, Acts of Disclosure: The Coming-Out Process of Contemporary Gay Men uses research findings and first-hand accounts to help gay adolescents and men accept and embrace their sexual identity as an integral part of their being. Offering helpful advice and specific suggestions that will guide you through the coming-out process, this text also teaches family, friends, and colleagues how they can support and encourage you in this challenge.A roadmap through the confusing process of coming to terms with your sexuality both privately and publicly, Acts of Disclosure walks you step-by-step through the stages of coming out, the emotions involved, the potential pitfalls, and the kinds of receptions you may meet. It points out both healthy and self-destructive coping strategies and teaches you how to take responsibility for your sexuality. You will find its discussions straightforward, honest, and direct, as it broaches the following topics:coming out in American schools expressing your sexual identity on the job the harmful effects of involuntary public exposure why some parents adjust better than others to the fact that they have a gay child the damaging effects of social myths attached to homosexuality the emotional and behavioral reactions wives have after discovering that their husbands are gay how to anticipate a possible “outing” against oneself and the advantages of coming out to prevent such an act compulsory social programming that may be deeply injurious to gay adolescents disclosing your sexual identity after the onset of AIDSGay males of all ages, parents, friends, children, therapists, psychologists, social workers, and educators who read Acts of Disclosure will realize their error in treating gay sexual identity as undesirable, shameful, or second-rate. As you turn the last page of this comprehensive and enlightening book, you will likely find yourself with an appreciation of gay male sexuality as well as with a better understanding of the complexities of human nature.

Confronting the psychological, social, sexual, legal, and political issues at stake in the coming-out process, Acts of Disclosure: The Coming-Out Process of Contemporary Gay Men uses research findings and first-hand accounts to help gay adolescents and men accept and embrace their sexual identity as an integral part of their being. Offering helpful advice and specific suggestions that will guide you through the coming-out process, this text also teaches family, friends, and colleagues how they can support and encourage you in this challenge.A roadmap through the confusing process of coming to terms with your sexuality both privately and publicly, Acts of Disclosure walks you step-by-step through the stages of coming out, the emotions involved, the potential pitfalls, and the kinds of receptions you may meet. It points out both healthy and self-destructive coping strategies and teaches you how to take responsibility for your sexuality. You will find its discussions straightforward, honest, and direct, as it broaches the following topics:coming out in American schools expressing your sexual identity on the job the harmful effects of involuntary public exposure why some parents adjust better than others to the fact that they have a gay child the damaging effects of social myths attached to homosexuality the emotional and behavioral reactions wives have after discovering that their husbands are gay how to anticipate a possible “outing” against oneself and the advantages of coming out to prevent such an act compulsory social programming that may be deeply injurious to gay adolescents disclosing your sexual identity after the onset of AIDSGay males of all ages, parents, friends, children, therapists, psychologists, social workers, and educators who read Acts of Disclosure will realize their error in treating gay sexual identity as undesirable, shameful, or second-rate. As you turn the last page of this comprehensive and enlightening book, you will likely find yourself with an appreciation of gay male sexuality as well as with a better understanding of the complexities of human nature.

A torrent of Islamist terrorism swept across France in 2015 and 2016, executed by militant jihadists on behalf of al-Qaeda and the Islamic State (ISIS). Their targets ranged from the Paris offices of Charlie Hebdo magazine to the Bataclan Theatre on the Boulevard Voltaire to a parish church in a Normandy village and a beachfront promenade on the Mediterranean. This book reconstructs these and other terrorist offensives France weathered during this period. Placing each attack in its sociopolitical context, the author examines the backgrounds and motives of the perpetrators, the attributes of the victims and the legacy of the attacks for the people.

Learn the cost of being gay (or perceived as gay) for three historical figuresNoble Lives examines how sexual orientation affected the careers of two historical figures generally accepted as gay, and a third whose sexual identity was in constant question during his lifetime. This unique book features comprehensive biographical accounts of Jazz Age author Glenway Wescott, Academy Award-winning composer Aaron Copland, and Nobel Peace Laureate Dag Hammarskjöld, addressing the relationship between their sexuality and their achievements in literature, the social sciences, musical composition, diplomacy, and global politics. Noble Lives is the first English-language text to thoroughlyand objectivelyexplore the troubled sexuality of Sweden's Hammarskjöld, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations. Noble Lives is a colorful and concise read that puts a historical perspective on the public and private lives of three important twentieth-century figures:Glenway WescottAuthor and political progressive, he used his life to enlighten society through his persistent efforts to enhance the public’s awareness and acceptance of homosexuality. Though his early work (The Grandmothers, The Pilgrim Hawk) was well-received, Wescott’s career suffered from his inability to write honestly from his own experiences as a gay man, and his output was limited by the unwillingness of English-language publishers to release literary works having same-sex themes. He published his last novel in 1945 and for the next 40 years was something of an elder statesman of American literature, dealing with censorship laws, defending controversial members of the literary community, and advancing ideals of freedom of thought and expression. He worked closely in the 1950s with Alfred Kinsey, Director of the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University, to develop objective research into gay sexuality. Aaron CoplandHailed by The New York Times as the pioneer of American music, he lived an openly gay life without regret in an era when the general public held neither his sexual orientation nor his Jewish background in high esteem. Copland was accused of promoting gay musicians based on their sexuality rather than their ability and was rumored to be part of a fraternity of gay composersa Hominternbut overcame the discrimination he faced to receive a Pulitzer Prize, an Academy Award, and presidential medals from three administrations. In the years following his persecution by Sen. Joseph McCarthy and the Senate’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Copland produced his most personal workThe Tender Land, a musical drama thought by most to be the autobiographical account of a gay man living in conservative times and perceived as a "coming-out tale." Dag HammarskjöldDespite holding a position of public prominence as Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1953 until his death in 1961, he managed to withhold even the most minor details of his personal life from the world. Even his posthumously published journal, Markings, shies away from any mention of his private life. Possibly asexual, probably homosexual, Hammarskjöld was unable to accept his sexuality and lived an unhappy, frustrated life of sexual abstinence, suffering slurs from political figures and the international media. But though he couldn’t resolve his own internal conflicts, he was masterful at settling external conflicts as he worked to solve disputes in Palestine, Vietnam, Egypt, and the Congo.Noble Lives is an invaluable reference source for LGBT readers, providing an understanding and appreciation of those who paved the way during an unenlightened and unforgiving time. It’s also an excellent resource for mainstream readers with an interest in biography and the history of the twentieth