Maurice Levy - Böcker

The 1981Cargese Summer Institute on Fundamental Interactions was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), which, like in 1975, 1977 and 1979, had joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the 22nd Summer Institute held at Cargese and the 6th one organized by the two institutes of theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve. This time, while the last school was dominated by the impres- sive advances which were made in the field of perturbative quantum chromodynamics and its applications to high energy phenomena invol- ving strongly interacting particles, the 1981 school clearly reflected a period of transition, where the new insights gained by experiment and theory are digested and put in order. Place of pride among the experiments belonged this time to DESY. On the theore- tical side the reader will find a more thorough interpretation and understanding of the experiments as well as approaches to new theories. Finally several talks were devoted to experiments of the future.We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Advanced Study Institute Program, Dr. R. Chabbal and his collabora- tors for their constant help and encouragements.

The 1990 Cargese Summer Institute on ZO-Physics was organized by the Univer- site Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy and J.-L. Basdevant), CERN (M. Jacob), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. Speiser and J. Weyers), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. Gastmans), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the ninth Summer Institute on High Energy Physics orga- nized jointly at Cargese by these three universities. Because of the start-up of LEP in the summer of 1989, we broke with our tradition of having our Summer Institutes in the odd years. Indeed, it seemed to us that the many new data from LEP had to be presented in detail as soon as possible in order to prepare the young researchers in particle physics better for the experimental results with which they will be confronted in the coming years. The main theme of the school was therefore ZO-physics, with particular emphasis on the way the experiments at LEP are analyzed. We had one lecturer from each LEP experiment: they agreed among each other to present different topics in e+e- physics.Nevertheless, they made sure that all the major topics were discussed and that the results could be critically compared.

The 1994 Cargese Summer Institute on Frontiers in Partide Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy), the Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris (J. Iliopoulos), the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. Gastmans), and the Uni- versite Catholique de Louvain (J. -M. Gerard), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the eleventh Summer Institute on High Energy Physics organized jointly at Cargese by three of these universities. Severa! new frontiers in partide physics were thoroughly discussed at this school. the new euergy range in deep-iuelastic electron-proton scattering is beiug In particular, explored by HERA (DESY, Hamburg), and Professor A. De Roeck described the first results from the H1 and Zeus experiments, while Professors A. H. Mueller aud Z. Kuuszt discussed their relevance from the theoretical point of view. Also, the satellite exper- iments offer new possibilities for exploring the links between astrophysics, cosmology, and partide physics. A critica] a. nalysis of these experiments was performed by Pro- fessor B. Sadoulet, and Professor M.Spiro made the connection with the results from earth-based neutrino experiments. Finally, much attentiou was giveu to the latest re- sults from the TEVATRON (Fermilab, USA), showing further evidence for the loug awaited top quark. Professor A. Tollestrup gave a detailed presentation of these results aud discussed their importance for the Standard Model.

The 1996 Carg~se Summer Institute on Frontiers in Particle Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy), the Ecole Nonnale SupCrieure, Paris (J. lliopoulos), the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. Gastmans), and the Universite Catholique de Louvain (J.-M. Gerard), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the twelfth Sunnner Institute on High Energy Physics organized jointly at Carg~se by three of these universities. The Standard Model for fundamental interactions is constructed on two essential ingredients: the gauge symmetry and the mass generation mechanism. Now that the gauge theory aspect has been finnly established, the new challenge for the young researchers in elementary particle physics is the understanding of the origin of the masses. The standard Higgs mechanism is believed to be responsible for generating the masses of ALL fundamental particles. Professor D. Treille discussed the prospects for Higgs boson search and described the experimental determinations of the gauge boson masses. The influence of the top quark mass on electroweak processes has been emphasized by Professor J.L.Rosner, while Professor M. Neubert introduced the heavy-quark effective theory which allows you to get rid of heavy-quark masses. The theoretical determinations of the light- quark masses have been critically analyzed by Professor H. Leutwyler. Professor A. Pich presented the various experimental tests on lepton universality and Professor R.L. MBssbauer reviewed our present knowledge on the neutrino masses.

Originally published in 1984, this volume examines the consequences of increasing energy prices on agricultural production. It discusses whether it is possible to use agriculture to produce energy without endangering the food supply for the highly populated areas of the devloping world. Analyzing the global consquences of the 'food energy nexus' at the turn of the millenium it asks whether there will be a good crisis in those same developing countries which have suffered from the energy crisis. The editors and contributors are high-level specialists of global modelling in energy and agriculture and decision makers involved in food and agriculture planning in the developing world.

Originally published in 1984, this volume examines the consequences of increasing energy prices on agricultural production. It discusses whether it is possible to use agriculture to produce energy without endangering the food supply for the highly populated areas of the devloping world. Analyzing the global consquences of the 'food energy nexus' at the turn of the millenium it asks whether there will be a good crisis in those same developing countries which have suffered from the energy crisis. The editors and contributors are high-level specialists of global modelling in energy and agriculture and decision makers involved in food and agriculture planning in the developing world.

The 1987 Cargese Summer Institute on Partiele Physies was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTHANS), whieh, sinee 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in eommon. It was the 25th summer institute held at Cargese and the ninth one organized by the two institutes of theoretieal physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve. The 1987 school was centered around two main themes: the re cent developments in string theory and the physics of high energy colliders. As the standard model of the fundamental interaetions has repeatedly proved to be suecessful in explaining the experimental findings in par- tiele physies, more attention was given in this school to possible new features arising from string inspired models. This led us to inelude in the program aseries of lectures devoted to string theory per se. They eovered the more mathematical aspects of the theory as weIl as the phenomenological implications.The second theme concerns high energy collider physics and was meant to prepare young physicists for the future experimental results to be expected from the pp and e+e- colliders. It brought theorists and ex- perimentalists actively together in their search for a better understand- ing of the high energy phenomena.

The 1981 Cargese Summer Institute on Fundamental Interactions was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Kotholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), which, since 1975 have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the 24th Summer Institute held at Cargese and the 8th one organized by the two institutes of theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-Ia-Neuve. The 1985 school was centered around two main themes : the standard model of the fundamental interactions (and beyond) and astrophysics. The remarkable advances in the theoretical understanding and experimental confirmation of the standard model were reviewed in several lectures where the reader will find a thorough analysis of recent experiments as well as a detailed comparaison of the standard model with experiment. On a more theoretical side, supersymmetry, supergravity and strings were discussed as well. The second theme concerns astrophysics where the school was quite successful in bridging the gap between this fascinating subject and more conventional particle physics. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible ! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President and to the "Region Corse" for a generous grant. .. We wish to thank Miss M-F. HANSELER, Mrs ALRIFRAI, Mr and Mrs ARIANO, and Mr BERNIA and all others from Paris, Leuven, Louvain-la-Neuve and especially Cargese for their collaboration.

The theory of General Relativity, after its invention by Albert Einstein, remained for many years a monument of mathemati­ cal speculation, striking in its ambition and its formal beauty, but quite separated from the main stream of modern Physics, which had centered, after the early twenties, on quantum mechanics and its applications. In the last ten or fifteen years, however, the situation has changed radically. First, a great deal of significant exper~en­ tal data became available. Then important contributions were made to the incorporation of general relativity into the framework of quantum theory. Finally, in the last three years, exciting devel­ opments took place which have placed general relativity, and all the concepts behind it, at the center of our understanding of par­ ticle physics and quantum field theory. Firstly, this is due to the fact that general relativity is really the "original non-abe­ lian gauge theory," and that our description of quantum field in­ teractions makes extensive use of the concept of gauge invariance. Secondly, the ideas of supersymmetry have enabled theoreticians to combine gravity with other elementary particle interactions, and to construct what is perhaps the first approach to a more finite quantum theory of gravitation, which is known as super­ gravity.

The understanding of phase transitions has long been a fundamental problem of statistical mechanics. It has made spectac­ ular progress during the last few years, largely because of the ideas of K.G. Wilson, in applying to an apparently quite different domain the methods of the renormalization group, which had been developped in the framework of the quantum theory of fields. The ability of these theoretical methods to lead to very precise predictions has, ~n turn, stimulated in the last few years more refined experiments in different areas. We now have entered a period where the theoretical results yielded by the renormalization group approach are suffi­ ciently precise and can be compared with those of the traditional method of high temperature series expansion on lattices, and with the experimental data. Although very similar, the results coming from the renormalization group and high temperature analysis seemed to indicate systematic discrepancies between the continuous field theory and lattice models. It was therefore important to appreciate the reliability of the predictions coming from both theoretical schemes, and to compare them to the latest experimental results. We think that this Cargese Summer Institute has been very successful 1 in this respect. Indeed, leading experts in the field, both experimentalists and theoreticians, have gathered and presented detailed analysis of the present situation. In particular, B.G. Nickel has produced longer high temperature series which seem to indicate that the discrepancies between series and renormalization group results have been previously overestimated.

The 1981Cargese Summer Institute on Fundamental Interactions was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), which, like in 1975, 1977 and 1979, had joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the 22nd Summer Institute held at Cargese and the 6th one organized by the two institutes of theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve. This time, while the last school was dominated by the impres- sive advances which were made in the field of perturbative quantum chromodynamics and its applications to high energy phenomena invol- ving strongly interacting particles, the 1981 school clearly reflected a period of transition, where the new insights gained by experiment and theory are digested and put in order. Place of pride among the experiments belonged this time to DESY. On the theore- tical side the reader will find a more thorough interpretation and understanding of the experiments as well as approaches to new theories. Finally several talks were devoted to experiments of the future.We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Advanced Study Institute Program, Dr. R. Chabbal and his collabora- tors for their constant help and encouragements.

The 1992 Cargese Summer Institute on Quantitative Particle Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy and J. -L. Basdevant), CERN (M. Jacob), the Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris (J. Diopoulos), the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. Gastmans) and the Universite Catholique de Louvain (J-M. Gerard), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the tenth Summer Institute on High Energy Physics organized jointly at Cargese by these three universities. The 1992 School centered on quantitative tests of the Standard Model for electroweak and strong interactions. First, Professor T. D. Lee reviewed the fascinating history of weak interactions. Professor R. Barbieri then discussed the implications of the of LEP presented by Professor Foil. . Professor G. Ecker latest experimental results described in detail the interplay between electroweak and strong interactions at low energy. Professors K. Berkelman and J-M. Gerard stressed the necessity to study the effects of CP-violation in both B-and K-physics. The first results of the HERA machine were presented by Professor G. Wolf, while Professor M.Shochet reviewed heavy flavor physics in hadron collider experiments. Recent non-accelerator experiments in neutrino physics were presented by Professor B. Barish. Finally, Professor M. Turner reviewed Cosmology after COBE. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible! Special thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President for a generous grant.

The Cargese Summer Institute 1975 on Weak and EZeotromagnetio Interaotions at High Energies was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (M. LEVY et J. L. BASDEVANT)~ the KathoZieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS) and the Universite CathoZique de Louvain (D. SPEISER~ J. WEYERS) who made in 1973 the first oon- taots with some Zeoturers~ who~ on the advioe of NATO joined their efforts and worked in oommon. It was the 16th Summer Institute rd heZd at Cargese and the 3 one organized by the two departments of TheoreticaZ Physios at Leuven and Louvain-Za-Neuve. When the two groups decided (independentZy) on the subjeot of the sohooZ~ they oouZd not know how Zuoky their ohoioe eventuaZZy wouZd turn out to be : rareZy has it being possibZe to present an audienoe with suoh a great number of new and deoisive disooveries who are Zikely to stimuZate the imagination of theoreticians and the researoh projeots of experimentaZists aZike. Suoh were the decisive oonfirmation of the neutraZ ourrents~ the di-muon events~ the sZowZy deoaying new partioZes~ eto.The organizers were grate- JUZ indeed that they oouZd find physioists from aZmost alZ great oenters of high energy physios Who had themseZves participated in these disooveries. AZthough the theorists oouZd not matoh during the Zast two years the speotaouZar suooess of their experimentaZ ooZZeagues~ there has been enough important program~ especiaZZy in fieZd theory : renormaZization of gauge theories~ the mechanism disoovered by R. BROUT et aZ. ~ eto.

The 1984 Cargese Advanced Study Institute was devoted to the study of nuclear heavy ion collisions at medium and ultrarelativis­ tic energies. The origin of this meeting goes back to 1982 when the organizers met at the GANIL laboratory in Caen, France which had just started accelerating argon ions at 44 MeV per nucleon. We then realized that 1984 should be the appropriate time to review the first results obtained with such new kinds of facilities. The material contained in this volume, presenting many beautiful re­ sults on nuclei at high excitation, fully confirms this point. Many stimulating exchanges between experts in rather diffe­ rent fields already took place during the school and we hope that this cross fertilization will lead to further developments. About half of the present volume is also devoted to the field of relativistic heavy ion collisions, which is now expanding rapidly. As an illustration, let us recall that the construction of a 30 on 30 GeV per nucleon collider at Brookhaven has been recognized last year as one cf the major priorities by the US Nuclear Science Advisory Committee. We would like to express our gratitude to NATO for its ge­ nerous financial support which made this institute possible. We also wish to thank the Institut de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules (France), the Commissariat a l'energie atomique (France) and The National Science Foundation (USA) for the attribution of travel grants.

The 1989 Cargese Summer Institute on Particle Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy and J.-L. Basdevant), CERN (M. Jacob), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. Speiser and J. Weyers) and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. Gastmans), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the twenty-sixth Summer Institute held at Cargese and the tenth organized by the two Institutes of Theoretical Physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve. The 1989 school centered on the following topics - new experimental results - strings, superstrings and conformal field theory - lattice approximations. Of the many new experimental results, we would like to mention especially those from SLAC presented by Professor G. Feldman. On the other hand, we had the tantalizing knowledge that LEP would begin to operate only right after the end of the school! For this we received ample replacement: Professor J. Steinberger summed up all major CP violation experiments done to date and commented upon them. The reader will find also various other most interesting contributions, for instance on high energy ion beams.Once more theoreticians and experimentalists (this time more than usual) came together to discuss high energy particle physics.

The 1979 Cargese Summer Institute on Quarks and Leptons was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholi~ue de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), who, like in 1975 and 1977, had joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the 20th Summer Institute held at Cargese and the 5th one organized by the two institutes of theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-la- Neuve. This time, the school was dominated by the impressive advances which were made in the field of perturbative ~uantum chromodyna- mics and its applications to high energy phenomena involving strongly interacting particles. The unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions being well established, a new picture in particle physics emerges wherein a possible unification of weak, electromagnetic, and strong forces is put forward. Its conse~uences were also discussed in detail.Finally, to complete the picture of the present status of high energy physics, experi- mentalists from the major laboratories around the world reported on the latest developments in electron-positron scattering, neutrino induced reactions, and hadron collisions. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Scientific Affairs Division, Dr. M. DI LULLO for his constant help and encouragements.

The Cargese Summer Institute 1B75 on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions at High Energies was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (M. LEVY et J. L. BASDEVANT), the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS) and the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER et J. WEYERS) who made in 1973 the first contacts with some lecturers, who, on the advice of NATO, joined th their efforts and worked in common. It was the 16 Summer Insti- rd tute held at Cargese and the 3 one organized by the two depart- ments of Theoretical Physics at Leuven and Louvain-Ia-Neuve. When the two groups decided (independently) on the subject of the school, they could not know how lucky their choice eventually would turn out to be : rarely has it been possible ~o present an audience with such a great number of new and decisive discoveries who are likely to stimulate the imagination of theoreticians and the research projects of experimentalists alike. Such were the decisive confirmation of the neutral currents, the di-muon events, the slowly decaying new particles, etc.The organizers were grate- ful indeed that they could find physicists from almost all great centers of high energy physics who had themselves participated in these discoveries. Although the theorists could not match during the last two years the spectacular success of their experimental colleagues, there has been enough important programs, especially in field theory : renormalization of gauge theories, the Brout- Englert-Higgs mechanism, etc...

The 1983 Cargese Summer Institute on Particles and Fields was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), C.E.R.N. (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. GASTMANS). After 1975, 1977, 1979, and 1981, it was the fifth time they joined their efforts for organizing this Summer Insti- tute. This school was characterized by simultaneous progress in the theory of elementary particles and by impressive experimental advances. On the theoretical front, one witnessed the new developments in lattice gauge theories, which explore the world of strongly interacting par- ticles in a non-perturbative way, and progress in a better understan- ding of the unity of all interactions based on supersymmetry. The experimentalists were ~roud to announce the discovery of the interme- diate vector bosons; W- and ZO, at C.E.R.N., while physicists working with e+e- colliding beams continued to probe more deeply the validity of the theoretical models of strong, weak and electromagnetic inter- actions. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Insti- tute possible!Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its Presi- dent for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Advanced Study Institute Program and his collaborators for their constant help and encouragement. We also thank the National Science Foundation (USA) for their financial assistance.

The 1996 Carg~se Summer Institute on Frontiers in Particle Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy), the Ecole Nonnale SupCrieure, Paris (J. lliopoulos), the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. Gastmans), and the Universite Catholique de Louvain (J.-M. Gerard), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the twelfth Sunnner Institute on High Energy Physics organized jointly at Carg~se by three of these universities. The Standard Model for fundamental interactions is constructed on two essential ingredients: the gauge symmetry and the mass generation mechanism. Now that the gauge theory aspect has been finnly established, the new challenge for the young researchers in elementary particle physics is the understanding of the origin of the masses. The standard Higgs mechanism is believed to be responsible for generating the masses of ALL fundamental particles. Professor D. Treille discussed the prospects for Higgs boson search and described the experimental determinations of the gauge boson masses. The influence of the top quark mass on electroweak processes has been emphasized by Professor J.L.Rosner, while Professor M. Neubert introduced the heavy-quark effective theory which allows you to get rid of heavy-quark masses. The theoretical determinations of the light- quark masses have been critically analyzed by Professor H. Leutwyler. Professor A. Pich presented the various experimental tests on lepton universality and Professor R.L. MBssbauer reviewed our present knowledge on the neutrino masses.

The 1990 Cargese Summer Institute on ZO-Physics was organized by the Univer- site Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy and J.-L. Basdevant), CERN (M. Jacob), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. Speiser and J. Weyers), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. Gastmans), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the ninth Summer Institute on High Energy Physics orga- nized jointly at Cargese by these three universities. Because of the start-up of LEP in the summer of 1989, we broke with our tradition of having our Summer Institutes in the odd years. Indeed, it seemed to us that the many new data from LEP had to be presented in detail as soon as possible in order to prepare the young researchers in particle physics better for the experimental results with which they will be confronted in the coming years. The main theme of the school was therefore ZO-physics, with particular emphasis on the way the experiments at LEP are analyzed. We had one lecturer from each LEP experiment: they agreed among each other to present different topics in e+e- physics.Nevertheless, they made sure that all the major topics were discussed and that the results could be critically compared.