This complete laboratory reference manual explains the principles behind solid phase extraction (SPE) and provides readily reproducible protocols for solving extraction problems in forensic and clinical chemistry. Numerous actual chromatograms, based on original research and diverse applications, demonstrate the technique and the results that can be achieved. Extensive appendices allow fast access to frequently needed information on reagents, the preparation of solutions and buffers, milliequivalent and millimode calculations, buffers and pKa for SPE, and a complete RapidTrace® technical manual. Each proven protocol is described in step-by-step detail and contains an introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and on avoiding known pitfalls.

Modern solid-phase extraction (SPE) chemistry dates back to 1986 when three researchers began developing applications for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. It was found that when C18 was added directly to urine, steroids could be extracted. From this start, SPE was further developed when various bonded silica gels were packed into syringe barrels, expanding the number of drugs that could be extracted by this technique. Since then, significant advancements have been made in the field. This book provides detailed background information on the chemistry and biological action of various drugs, the chemistry of silica-gel sorbents along with newer polymer sorbents and how their properties affect extraction. Here clinical methods are outlined that have been developed for forensic analysis of drugs of abuse performed in the laboratories of United Chemical Technologies, Inc. Step-by-step drug extraction procedures and analysis methods from a variety of matrices such as blood, urine, hair, and other substrates are shown. Instrument analysis conditions for HPLC and gas chromatography (GC), and laboratory equipment employed are described. Drugs covered in this complete how-to-do book cover a wide range of compounds ranging from hypnotics, antidepressants, opiates, analgesics, psychedelics, and steroids. Extensive references are provided.

This complete laboratory reference manual explains the principles behind solid phase extraction (SPE) and provides readily reproducible protocols for solving extraction problems in forensic and clinical chemistry. Numerous actual chromatograms, based on original research and diverse applications, demonstrate the technique and the results that can be achieved. Extensive appendices allow fast access to frequently needed information on reagents, the preparation of solutions and buffers, milliequivalent and millimode calculations, buffers and pKa for SPE, and a complete RapidTrace® technical manual. Each proven protocol is described in step-by-step detail and contains an introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and on avoiding known pitfalls.

This complete laboratory reference manual explains the principles behind solid phase extraction (SPE) and provides readily reproducible protocols for solving extraction problems in forensic and clinical chemistry. Numerous actual chromatograms, based on original research and diverse applications, demonstrate the technique and the results that can be achieved. Extensive appendices allow fast access to frequently needed information on reagents, the preparation of solutions and buffers, milliequivalent and millimode calculations, buffers and pKa for SPE, and a complete RapidTrace® technical manual. Each proven protocol is described in step-by-step detail and contains an introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and on avoiding known pitfalls.

Modern solid-phase extraction (SPE) chemistry dates back to 1986 when three researchers began developing applications for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. It was found that when C18 was added directly to urine, steroids could be extracted. From this start, SPE was further developed when various bonded silica gels were packed into syringe barrels, expanding the number of drugs that could be extracted by this technique. Since then, significant advancements have been made in the field. This book provides detailed background information on the chemistry and biological action of various drugs, the chemistry of silica-gel sorbents along with newer polymer sorbents and how their properties affect extraction. Here clinical methods are outlined that have been developed for forensic analysis of drugs of abuse performed in the laboratories of United Chemical Technologies, Inc. Step-by-step drug extraction procedures and analysis methods from a variety of matrices such as blood, urine, hair, and other substrates are shown. Instrument analysis conditions for HPLC and gas chromatography (GC), and laboratory equipment employed are described. Drugs covered in this complete how-to-do book cover a wide range of compounds ranging from hypnotics, antidepressants, opiates, analgesics, psychedelics, and steroids. Extensive references are provided.

This complete laboratory reference manual explains the principles behind solid phase extraction (SPE) and provides readily reproducible protocols for solving extraction problems in forensic and clinical chemistry. Numerous actual chromatograms, based on original research and diverse applications, demonstrate the technique and the results that can be achieved. Extensive appendices allow fast access to frequently needed information on reagents, the preparation of solutions and buffers, milliequivalent and millimode calculations, buffers and pKa for SPE, and a complete RapidTrace® technical manual. Each proven protocol is described in step-by-step detail and contains an introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and on avoiding known pitfalls.