Minoru Fujimoto - Böcker

Phase transitions in which crystalline solids undergo structural changes present an interesting problem in the interplay between the crystal structure and the ordering process. This text, intended for readers with some prior knowledge of condensed-matter physics, emphasizes the basic physics behind such spontaneous structural changes in crystals. Starting with the relevant thermodynamic principles, the book discusses the nature of order variables and their collective motion in a crystal lattice; in a structural phase transition a singularity in such a collective mode is responsible for the lattice instability, as revealed by soft phonons. This mechanism is analogous to the interplay of a charge-density wave and a periodically deformed lattice in low-dimensional conductors. The text also describes experimental methods for modulated crystal structures and gives examples of structural changes in representative systems. The book is divided into two parts. The first, theoretical, part includes such topics as: the Landau theory of phase transitions; statistics, correlations and the mean-field approximation; pseudospins and their collective modes; soft lattice modes and pseudospin condensates; lattice imperfections and their role in the phase transitions of real crystals. The second part discusses experimental studies of modulated crystals using x-ray diffraction, neutron inelastic scattering, light scattering, dielectric measurements, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

The Maxwell theory of electromagnetism was well established in the latter ni- teenth century, when H. R. Hertz demonstrated the electromagnetic wave. The theory laid the foundation for physical optics, from which the quantum concept emerged for microscopic physics. Einstein realized that the speed of electrom- netic propagation is a universal constant, and thereby recognized the Maxwell equations to compose a fundamental law in all inertial systems of reference. On the other hand, the pressing demand for ef?cient radar systems during WWII accelerated studies on guided waves, resulting in today’s advanced telecommu- cation technology, in addition to a new radio- and microwave spectroscopy. The studies were further extended to optical frequencies, and laser electronics and - phisticated semi-conducting devices are now familiar in daily life. Owing to these advances, our knowledge of electromagnetic radiation has been signi?cantly - graded beyond plane waves in free space. Nevertheless, in the learning process the basic theory remains founded upon early empirical rules, and the traditional teaching should therefore be modernized according to priorities in the modern era. In spite of the fact that there are many books available on this well-established theme, I was motivated to write this book, reviewing the laws in terms of cont- porary knowledge in order to deal with modern applications. Here I followed two basic guidelines. First, I considered electronic charge and spin as empirical in the description of electromagnetism.

Phase transitions in which crystalline solids undergo structural changes present an interesting problem in the interplay between the crystal structure and the ordering process. This text, intended for readers with some prior knowledge of condensed-matter physics, emphasizes the basic physics behind such spontaneous structural changes in crystals. Starting with the relevant thermodynamic principles, the book discusses the nature of order variables and their collective motion in a crystal lattice; in a structural phase transition a singularity in such a collective mode is responsible for the lattice instability, as revealed by soft phonons. This mechanism is analogous to the interplay of a charge-density wave and a periodically deformed lattice in low-dimensional conductors. The text also describes experimental methods for modulated crystal structures and gives examples of structural changes in representative systems. The book is divided into two parts. The first, theoretical, part includes such topics as: the Landau theory of phase transitions; statistics, correlations and the mean-field approximation; pseudospins and their collective modes; soft lattice modes and pseudospin condensates; lattice imperfections and their role in the phase transitions of real crystals. The second part discusses experimental studies of modulated crystals using x-ray diffraction, neutron inelastic scattering, light scattering, dielectric measurements, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

The Maxwell theory of electromagnetism was well established in the latter ni- teenth century, when H. R. Hertz demonstrated the electromagnetic wave. The theory laid the foundation for physical optics, from which the quantum concept emerged for microscopic physics. Einstein realized that the speed of electrom- netic propagation is a universal constant, and thereby recognized the Maxwell equations to compose a fundamental law in all inertial systems of reference. On the other hand, the pressing demand for ef?cient radar systems during WWII accelerated studies on guided waves, resulting in today’s advanced telecommu- cation technology, in addition to a new radio- and microwave spectroscopy. The studies were further extended to optical frequencies, and laser electronics and - phisticated semi-conducting devices are now familiar in daily life. Owing to these advances, our knowledge of electromagnetic radiation has been signi?cantly - graded beyond plane waves in free space. Nevertheless, in the learning process the basic theory remains founded upon early empirical rules, and the traditional teaching should therefore be modernized according to priorities in the modern era. In spite of the fact that there are many books available on this well-established theme, I was motivated to write this book, reviewing the laws in terms of cont- porary knowledge in order to deal with modern applications. Here I followed two basic guidelines. First, I considered electronic charge and spin as empirical in the description of electromagnetism.

Thermodynamics is a well-established discipline of physics for properties of matter in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. Applying to crystals, however, the laws encounter undefined properties of crystal lattice, which therefore need to be determined for a clear and well-defined description of crystalline states. Thermodynamics of Crystalline States explores the roles played by order variables and dynamic lattices in crystals in a wholly new way.The book begins by clarifying basic concepts for stable crystals. Next, binary phase transitions are discussed to study collective motion of order variables, as described mostly as classical phenomena. New to this edition is the examination of magnetic crystals, where magnetic symmetry is essential for magnetic phase transitions. The multi-electron system is also discussed  theoretically, as a quantum-mechanical example, for superconductivity in metallic crystals. Throughout the book, the role played by the lattice is emphasized and studied in-depth.Thermodynamics of Crystalline States is an introductory treatise and textbook on mesoscopic phenomena in solid states, constituting a basic subject in condensed matter physics. While this book serves as a guide for advanced students in physics and material science, it can also be useful as a reference for all professionals in related fields. Minoru Fujimoto is author of Physics of Classical Electromagnetism (Springer, 2007) and The Physics of Structural Phase Transitions (Springer, 2005).

Thermodynamics is a well-established discipline of physics for properties of matter in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. Applying to crystals, however, the laws encounter undefined properties of crystal lattice, which therefore need to be determined for a clear and well-defined description of crystalline states. Thermodynamics of Crystalline States explores the roles played by order variables and dynamic lattices in crystals in a wholly new way.The book begins by clarifying basic concepts for stable crystals. Next, binary phase transitions are discussed to study collective motion of order variables, as described mostly as classical phenomena. New to this edition is the examination of magnetic crystals, where magnetic symmetry is essential for magnetic phase transitions. The multi-electron system is also discussed  theoretically, as a quantum-mechanical example, for superconductivity in metallic crystals. Throughout the book, the role played by the lattice is emphasized and studied in-depth.Thermodynamics of Crystalline States is an introductory treatise and textbook on mesoscopic phenomena in solid states, constituting a basic subject in condensed matter physics. While this book serves as a guide for advanced students in physics and material science, it can also be useful as a reference for all professionals in related fields. Minoru Fujimoto is author of Physics of Classical Electromagnetism (Springer, 2007) and The Physics of Structural Phase Transitions (Springer, 2005).