When a projectile and a target nucleus interact, creating a composite nucleus, the energy initially concentrated on a few nucleons spreads through the composite nucleus, which evolves towards a state of statistical equilibrium. During this equilibriation process, nucleons, or aggregates of nucleons, having considerable energy, may be ejected.This book gives a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the experimental and theoretical research that has been devoted, during the past 25 years, to the study of these pre-equilibrium reactions. After a historical introduction the theories of the reactions are described in detail. The multistep compound and multistep direct theories are considered separately, and all the theories are extensively compared with experimental data. A detailed account of compound-nucleus reactions is also included, together with a review of the theories of the nuclear-level densities that are needed to evaluate pre-equilibrium cross-sections. The main emphasis of the book is on nucleon-induced reactions, but those due to composite particles and heavy ions are also considered.

This book is a comprehensive balanced and up-to-date introduction to nuclear physics that describes the experiments made to study nuclear reactions and nuclear structure, and the theories and models that have been developed to understand the properties of nuclei and their interactions. After a historical introduction, there are chapters on nuclear accelerators and detectors, elementary particles, nuclear forces, nuclear reaction theory, nuclear models, nuclear and heavy ion reactions, nuclear astrophysics and nuclear reactors. While primarily aimed at undergraduates it will also serve as a reference for graduate students and professional nuclear physicists.

Growth Points in Nuclear Physics, Volume 2 covers the progress in the fields of nuclear structure and nuclear reactions. This book is composed of three chapters. The first chapter is devoted to nuclear forces and potentials, in particular the optical model potential that enables the elastic scattering of many particles by nuclei to be calculated in a very simple manner. This chapter also deals with the three-body forces and the spin dependence of the nuclear potential. The second chapter describes higher order processes involving two or more stages, specifically their intrinsic interest and the effect they can have on the total cross-section. The third chapter examines heavy ion reactions, one of the most prominent growth areas of contemporary nuclear physics. Heavy ion reactions are particularly sensitive to some features of nuclear structure, and thus constitute a powerful tool in nuclear structure research. This book will prove useful to nuclear physicists.

When a projectile and a target nucleus interact, creating a composite nucleus, the energy initially concentrated on a few nucleons spreads through the composite nucleus, which evolves towards a state of statistical equilibrium. During this equilibriation process, nucleons, or aggregates of nucleons, having considerable energy, may be ejected.This book gives a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the experimental and theoretical research that has been devoted, during the past 25 years, to the study of these pre-equilibrium reactions. After a historical introduction the theories of the reactions are described in detail. The multistep compound and multistep direct theories are considered separately, and all the theories are extensively compared with experimental data. A detailed account of compound-nucleus reactions is also included, together with a review of the theories of the nuclear-level densities that are needed to evaluate pre-equilibrium cross-sections. The main emphasis of the book is on nucleon-induced reactions, but those due to composite particles and heavy ions are also considered.

This book is a comprehensive balanced and up-to-date introduction to nuclear physics that describes the experiments made to study nuclear reactions and nuclear structure, and the theories and models that have been developed to understand the properties of nuclei and their interactions. After a historical introduction, there are chapters on nuclear accelerators and detectors, elementary particles, nuclear forces, nuclear reaction theory, nuclear models, nuclear and heavy ion reactions, nuclear astrophysics and nuclear reactors. While primarily aimed at undergraduates it will also serve as a reference for graduate students and professional nuclear physicists.

Growth Points in Nuclear Physics, Volume 2 covers the progress in the fields of nuclear structure and nuclear reactions. This book is composed of three chapters. The first chapter is devoted to nuclear forces and potentials, in particular the optical model potential that enables the elastic scattering of many particles by nuclei to be calculated in a very simple manner. This chapter also deals with the three-body forces and the spin dependence of the nuclear potential. The second chapter describes higher order processes involving two or more stages, specifically their intrinsic interest and the effect they can have on the total cross-section. The third chapter examines heavy ion reactions, one of the most prominent growth areas of contemporary nuclear physics. Heavy ion reactions are particularly sensitive to some features of nuclear structure, and thus constitute a powerful tool in nuclear structure research. This book will prove useful to nuclear physicists.