Today’s scientific and engineering community has a good grasp on how to model fluid flows at macro and molecular scales, with well-developed theory and supporting technologies. Between these two extremes lies the nano/meso scale (i.e. in the range of 50nm-500nm) where fluid flow models continue to be problematic. Continuum models used at macro scales assume a negligible influence from molecular interactions, while molecular models do not predict flow well at nano/meso dimensions. The solution, and the subject of this book, is to use elements from both to capture correctly the proper physics (from the molecular scale) and provide a description in terms of useful fluid properties (as characterized on the continuum scale).

Fluid Properties at Nano/Meso Scale is based on the authors’ past five years’ research that has yielded new innovations in fluid simulation strategies at the nano/meso scale. The authors approach this subject in a straightforward and easy to understand format, providing a first step into the subject for researchers at all levels. They present new tools that allow the numerical computation of fluid properties from first principles, enabling the reader to begin to model successfully fluids at nano/meso scale. It is hoped that these first steps will engender the further development and advancement of simulation techniques at this scale, and keep engineering simulation at the cutting edge of technology.

Presents internationally leading developments in the field of fluid properties at nano/meso scale Provides the reader with the first steps to fluid modelling at nano/meso-scales as well as state-of-the-art applications Includes innovative and new simulation techniques along with a detailed examination of existing numerical methods 

More than ever before, there is widespread interest in studying bumble bees and the critical role they play in our ecosystems. Bumble Bees of North America is the first comprehensive guide to North American bumble bees to be published in more than a century. Richly illustrated with color photographs, diagrams, range maps, and graphs of seasonal activity patterns, this guide allows amateur and professional naturalists to identify all 46 bumble bee species found north of Mexico and to understand their ecology and changing geographic distributions. The book draws on the latest molecular research, shows the enormous color variation within species, and guides readers through the many confusing convergences between species. It draws on a large repository of data from museum collections and presents state-of-the-art results on evolutionary relationships, distributions, and ecological roles. Illustrated keys allow identification of color morphs and social castes. A landmark publication, Bumble Bees of North America sets the standard for guides and the study of these important insects.* The best guide yet to the 46 recognized bumble bee species in North America north of Mexico* Up-to-date taxonomy includes previously unpublished results * Detailed distribution maps * Extensive keys identify the many color patterns of species

The essential guide for identifying the bumble bees of North AmericaMore than ever before, there is widespread interest in studying bumble bees and the critical role they play in our ecosystems. Bumble Bees of North America is the first comprehensive guide to North American bumble bees to be published in more than a century. Richly illustrated with color photographs, diagrams, range maps, and graphs of seasonal activity patterns, this guide allows amateur and professional naturalists to identify all 46 bumble bee species found north of Mexico and to understand their ecology and changing geographic distributions.The book draws on the latest molecular research, shows the enormous color variation within species, and guides readers through the many confusing convergences between species. It draws on a large repository of data from museum collections and presents state-of-the-art results on evolutionary relationships, distributions, and ecological roles. Illustrated keys allow identification of color morphs and social castes.A landmark publication, Bumble Bees of North America sets the standard for guides and the study of these important insects.

The best guide yet to the 46 recognized bumble bee species in North America north of MexicoUp-to-date taxonomy includes previously unpublished resultsDetailed distribution mapsExtensive keys identify the many color patterns of species

Today’s scientific and engineering community has a good grasp on how to model fluid flows at macro and molecular scales, with well-developed theory and supporting technologies. Between these two extremes lies the nano/meso scale (i.e. in the range of 50nm-500nm) where fluid flow models continue to be problematic. Continuum models used at macro scales assume a negligible influence from molecular interactions, while molecular models do not predict flow well at nano/meso dimensions. The solution, and the subject of this book, is to use elements from both to capture correctly the proper physics (from the molecular scale) and provide a description in terms of useful fluid properties (as characterized on the continuum scale).

Fluid Properties at Nano/Meso Scale is based on the authors’ past five years’ research that has yielded new innovations in fluid simulation strategies at the nano/meso scale. The authors approach this subject in a straightforward and easy to understand format, providing a first step into the subject for researchers at all levels. They present new tools that allow the numerical computation of fluid properties from first principles, enabling the reader to begin to model successfully fluids at nano/meso scale. It is hoped that these first steps will engender the further development and advancement of simulation techniques at this scale, and keep engineering simulation at the cutting edge of technology.

Presents internationally leading developments in the field of fluid properties at nano/meso scale Provides the reader with the first steps to fluid modelling at nano/meso-scales as well as state-of-the-art applications Includes innovative and new simulation techniques along with a detailed examination of existing numerical methods 

More than ever before, there is widespread interest in studying bumble bees and the critical role they play in our ecosystems. Bumble Bees of North America is the first comprehensive guide to North American bumble bees to be published in more than a century. Richly illustrated with color photographs, diagrams, range maps, and graphs of seasonal activity patterns, this guide allows amateur and professional naturalists to identify all 46 bumble bee species found north of Mexico and to understand their ecology and changing geographic distributions. The book draws on the latest molecular research, shows the enormous color variation within species, and guides readers through the many confusing convergences between species. It draws on a large repository of data from museum collections and presents state-of-the-art results on evolutionary relationships, distributions, and ecological roles. Illustrated keys allow identification of color morphs and social castes. A landmark publication, Bumble Bees of North America sets the standard for guides and the study of these important insects.* The best guide yet to the 46 recognized bumble bee species in North America north of Mexico* Up-to-date taxonomy includes previously unpublished results * Detailed distribution maps * Extensive keys identify the many color patterns of species

The essential guide for identifying the bumble bees of North AmericaMore than ever before, there is widespread interest in studying bumble bees and the critical role they play in our ecosystems. Bumble Bees of North America is the first comprehensive guide to North American bumble bees to be published in more than a century. Richly illustrated with color photographs, diagrams, range maps, and graphs of seasonal activity patterns, this guide allows amateur and professional naturalists to identify all 46 bumble bee species found north of Mexico and to understand their ecology and changing geographic distributions.The book draws on the latest molecular research, shows the enormous color variation within species, and guides readers through the many confusing convergences between species. It draws on a large repository of data from museum collections and presents state-of-the-art results on evolutionary relationships, distributions, and ecological roles. Illustrated keys allow identification of color morphs and social castes.A landmark publication, Bumble Bees of North America sets the standard for guides and the study of these important insects.

The best guide yet to the 46 recognized bumble bee species in North America north of MexicoUp-to-date taxonomy includes previously unpublished resultsDetailed distribution mapsExtensive keys identify the many color patterns of species