For several years, core level spectroscopies and other, c\osely related, electron spectroscopies have provided very useful information about the atomic composition, the geometric structure, and the electronic structure of condensed matter. Recently, these spectroscopies have also been used for the study of magnetic properties; such studies have a great potential to extend our knowledge and understanding of magnetic systems. This volume collects the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Core Level Spectroscopies for Magnetic Phenomena: Theory and Experiment" held at the Ettore Majorana Centre, Erice, Sicily, on 15 to 26 May 1994. The topics considered at the ASI covered a wide range of subjects involving the use of core-level and related spectroscopies to study magnetic phenomena. There are a large and growing number of applications of these spectroscopies to the study of magnetic materials; an important objective of the ASI was to stimulate further growth. The topics covered at the ASI can be placed into three general groups: 1) fundamental principles of core level spectroscopies; 2) basic aspects of magnetic phenomena; and, 3) the combination of the two previous topics embodied in applications of the spectroscopies to magnetism. In all three groups, theoretical interpretations as weH as experimental measurements were presented, often both of these aspects were covered in a single lecture or series oflectures. The theoretical treatments ofthe spectroscopies as weH as of the magnetic phenomena help to establish a framework for understanding many of the experimental measurements on magnetic materials.

It is widely recognized that an understanding of the physical and chemical properties of clusters will give a great deal of important information relevant to surface and bulk properties of condensed matter. This relevance of clusters for condensed matter is one of the major motivations for the study of atomic and molecular clusters. The changes of properties with cluster size, from small clusters containing only a few atoms to large clusters containing tens of thousands of atoms, provides a unique way to understand and to control the development of bulk properties as separated units are brought together to form an extended system. Another important use of clusters is as theoretical models of surfaces and bulk materials. The electronic wavefunctions for these cluster models have special advantages for understanding, in particular, the local properties of condensed matter. The cluster wavefunctions, obtained with molecular orbital theory, make it possible to relate chemical concepts developed to describe chemical bonds in molecules to the very closely related chemical bonding at the surface and in the bulk of condensed matter. The applications of clusters to phenomena in condensed matter is a cross-disciplinary activity which requires the interaction and collaboration of researchers in traditionally separate areas. For example, it is necessary to bring together workers whose background and expertise is molecular chemistry with those whose background is solid state physics. It is also necessary to bring together experimentalists and theoreticians.

It is widely recognized that an understanding of the physical and chemical properties of clusters will give a great deal of important information relevant to surface and bulk properties of condensed matter. This relevance of clusters for condensed matter is one of the major motivations for the study of atomic and molecular clusters. The changes of properties with cluster size, from small clusters containing only a few atoms to large clusters containing tens of thousands of atoms, provides a unique way to understand and to control the development of bulk properties as separated units are brought together to form an extended system. Another important use of clusters is as theoretical models of surfaces and bulk materials. The electronic wavefunctions for these cluster models have special advantages for understanding, in particular, the local properties of condensed matter. The cluster wavefunctions, obtained with molecular orbital theory, make it possible to relate chemical concepts developed to describe chemical bonds in molecules to the very closely related chemical bonding at the surface and in the bulk of condensed matter. The applications of clusters to phenomena in condensed matter is a cross-disciplinary activity which requires the interaction and collaboration of researchers in traditionally separate areas. For example, it is necessary to bring together workers whose background and expertise is molecular chemistry with those whose background is solid state physics. It is also necessary to bring together experimentalists and theoreticians.

For several years, core level spectroscopies and other, c\osely related, electron spectroscopies have provided very useful information about the atomic composition, the geometric structure, and the electronic structure of condensed matter. Recently, these spectroscopies have also been used for the study of magnetic properties; such studies have a great potential to extend our knowledge and understanding of magnetic systems. This volume collects the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Core Level Spectroscopies for Magnetic Phenomena: Theory and Experiment" held at the Ettore Majorana Centre, Erice, Sicily, on 15 to 26 May 1994. The topics considered at the ASI covered a wide range of subjects involving the use of core-level and related spectroscopies to study magnetic phenomena. There are a large and growing number of applications of these spectroscopies to the study of magnetic materials; an important objective of the ASI was to stimulate further growth. The topics covered at the ASI can be placed into three general groups: 1) fundamental principles of core level spectroscopies; 2) basic aspects of magnetic phenomena; and, 3) the combination of the two previous topics embodied in applications of the spectroscopies to magnetism. In all three groups, theoretical interpretations as weH as experimental measurements were presented, often both of these aspects were covered in a single lecture or series oflectures. The theoretical treatments ofthe spectroscopies as weH as of the magnetic phenomena help to establish a framework for understanding many of the experimental measurements on magnetic materials.

For several years, core level spectroscopies and other, c\osely related, electron spectroscopies have provided very useful information about the atomic composition, the geometric structure, and the electronic structure of condensed matter. Recently, these spectroscopies have also been used for the study of magnetic properties; such studies have a great potential to extend our knowledge and understanding of magnetic systems. This volume collects the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Core Level Spectroscopies for Magnetic Phenomena: Theory and Experiment" held at the Ettore Majorana Centre, Erice, Sicily, on 15 to 26 May 1994. The topics considered at the ASI covered a wide range of subjects involving the use of core-level and related spectroscopies to study magnetic phenomena. There are a large and growing number of applications of these spectroscopies to the study of magnetic materials; an important objective of the ASI was to stimulate further growth. The topics covered at the ASI can be placed into three general groups: 1) fundamental principles of core level spectroscopies; 2) basic aspects of magnetic phenomena; and, 3) the combination of the two previous topics embodied in applications of the spectroscopies to magnetism. In all three groups, theoretical interpretations as weH as experimental measurements were presented, often both of these aspects were covered in a single lecture or series oflectures. The theoretical treatments ofthe spectroscopies as weH as of the magnetic phenomena help to establish a framework for understanding many of the experimental measurements on magnetic materials.

It is widely recognized that an understanding of the physical and chemical properties of clusters will give a great deal of important information relevant to surface and bulk properties of condensed matter. This relevance of clusters for condensed matter is one of the major motivations for the study of atomic and molecular clusters. The changes of properties with cluster size, from small clusters containing only a few atoms to large clusters containing tens of thousands of atoms, provides a unique way to understand and to control the development of bulk properties as separated units are brought together to form an extended system. Another important use of clusters is as theoretical models of surfaces and bulk materials. The electronic wavefunctions for these cluster models have special advantages for understanding, in particular, the local properties of condensed matter. The cluster wavefunctions, obtained with molecular orbital theory, make it possible to relate chemical concepts developed to describe chemical bonds in molecules to the very closely related chemical bonding at the surface and in the bulk of condensed matter. The applications of clusters to phenomena in condensed matter is a cross-disciplinary activity which requires the interaction and collaboration of researchers in traditionally separate areas. For example, it is necessary to bring together workers whose background and expertise is molecular chemistry with those whose background is solid state physics. It is also necessary to bring together experimentalists and theoreticians.

It is widely recognized that an understanding of the physical and chemical properties of clusters will give a great deal of important information relevant to surface and bulk properties of condensed matter. This relevance of clusters for condensed matter is one of the major motivations for the study of atomic and molecular clusters. The changes of properties with cluster size, from small clusters containing only a few atoms to large clusters containing tens of thousands of atoms, provides a unique way to understand and to control the development of bulk properties as separated units are brought together to form an extended system. Another important use of clusters is as theoretical models of surfaces and bulk materials. The electronic wavefunctions for these cluster models have special advantages for understanding, in particular, the local properties of condensed matter. The cluster wavefunctions, obtained with molecular orbital theory, make it possible to relate chemical concepts developed to describe chemical bonds in molecules to the very closely related chemical bonding at the surface and in the bulk of condensed matter. The applications of clusters to phenomena in condensed matter is a cross-disciplinary activity which requires the interaction and collaboration of researchers in traditionally separate areas. For example, it is necessary to bring together workers whose background and expertise is molecular chemistry with those whose background is solid state physics. It is also necessary to bring together experimentalists and theoreticians.

For several years, core level spectroscopies and other, c\osely related, electron spectroscopies have provided very useful information about the atomic composition, the geometric structure, and the electronic structure of condensed matter. Recently, these spectroscopies have also been used for the study of magnetic properties; such studies have a great potential to extend our knowledge and understanding of magnetic systems. This volume collects the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Core Level Spectroscopies for Magnetic Phenomena: Theory and Experiment" held at the Ettore Majorana Centre, Erice, Sicily, on 15 to 26 May 1994. The topics considered at the ASI covered a wide range of subjects involving the use of core-level and related spectroscopies to study magnetic phenomena. There are a large and growing number of applications of these spectroscopies to the study of magnetic materials; an important objective of the ASI was to stimulate further growth. The topics covered at the ASI can be placed into three general groups: 1) fundamental principles of core level spectroscopies; 2) basic aspects of magnetic phenomena; and, 3) the combination of the two previous topics embodied in applications of the spectroscopies to magnetism. In all three groups, theoretical interpretations as weH as experimental measurements were presented, often both of these aspects were covered in a single lecture or series oflectures. The theoretical treatments ofthe spectroscopies as weH as of the magnetic phenomena help to establish a framework for understanding many of the experimental measurements on magnetic materials.