Rainer Dietrich – författare

What governs the way in which people work together and handle technology in high risk environments? The understanding of decision making, communication and the other dimensions of team interaction within aircrews and other teams in highly stressful situations, is based on a multitude of diverse factors, each with its own literature and individual studies. This book is about how teams function in just such situations, providing a uniquely integrated and interdisciplinary account of the dynamics and main explanatory factors of team interaction under high workload. The book stems from the interdisciplinary research project 'Group Interaction in High Risk Environments' (GIHRE), a Collegium of the Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz Foundation. The goals of the project, and therefore the book, are to investigate, analyze and understand the behavior of professional groups working in high risk environments and to develop practical suggestions for enhancing performance. A central focus of this book is how groups in these professions deal with the factors that can threaten the safety and effectiveness of their task performance, whether these factors are part of the environment or part of the team itself. Four representative workplaces were investigated in three broad settings: in aviation, the cockpit of a commercial airliner; in medicine, the operating room and the intensive care unit of a hospital; in nuclear power, the control room of a nuclear power plant. The international and interdisciplinary composition of the Collegium ensures the book features a variety of different methodological and conceptual approaches, which are brought to bear at both theoretical and practical levels. Readers working in all related fields will find value in the case descriptions, the academic synthesis of the similarities between them, and ways to approach new challenges; specialists in applied psychology, human factors and technical management will gain new insights.

What governs the way in which people work together and handle technology in high risk environments? The understanding of decision making, communication and the other dimensions of team interaction within aircrews and other teams in highly stressful situations, is based on a multitude of diverse factors, each with its own literature and individual studies. This book is about how teams function in just such situations, providing a uniquely integrated and interdisciplinary account of the dynamics and main explanatory factors of team interaction under high workload. The book stems from the interdisciplinary research project 'Group Interaction in High Risk Environments' (GIHRE), a Collegium of the Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz Foundation. The goals of the project, and therefore the book, are to investigate, analyze and understand the behavior of professional groups working in high risk environments and to develop practical suggestions for enhancing performance. A central focus of this book is how groups in these professions deal with the factors that can threaten the safety and effectiveness of their task performance, whether these factors are part of the environment or part of the team itself. Four representative workplaces were investigated in three broad settings: in aviation, the cockpit of a commercial airliner; in medicine, the operating room and the intensive care unit of a hospital; in nuclear power, the control room of a nuclear power plant. The international and interdisciplinary composition of the Collegium ensures the book features a variety of different methodological and conceptual approaches, which are brought to bear at both theoretical and practical levels. Readers working in all related fields will find value in the case descriptions, the academic synthesis of the similarities between them, and ways to approach new challenges; specialists in applied psychology, human factors and technical management will gain new insights.

All accidents and incidents at the workplace, and the resulting consequences, are tied to human beings and their actions. Although their avoidance has been a crucial part of training in aviation for the past twenty years, it has been largely ignored in many other occupations with team structures similar to those in aviation. In such professions and workplaces, those involved are under high stress, with enormous workloads, simultaneously completing mental and motor tasks, facing unexpected situations involving great risk, and with uncertain final outcomes. The goal of researchers is to find ways to minimize human error and to understand the interaction amongst the members of the team fulfilling the task. Specialized training programmes, good management and clear rules that lay out which member is responsible for making decisions can be the first steps to reducing and managing such errors. This book is a major result of the Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz Foundation's 6th Berlin Colloquium, ’Interaction in High Risk Environments’, hosted in 2002 by the Psycholinguistic Group of the Humbolt University Institute for German Language and Linguistics. This group is affiliated with the ongoing research group ’Group Interaction in High Risk Environments (GIHRE)’ sponsored by the Foundation based in Ladenburg, Germany. The Colloquium brings together experts from aerospace, clinical medicine, nuclear power, psychology, linguistics and psycholinguistics, to include fields that have yet to be a major focus of scientific investigations. Together, the authors explore scientific advances with direct application to a range of high risk environments. The aim is to address the issues and root causes of error and lack of teamwork by combining the knowledge of scientific experts with experience gained in different fields of industry and public life. Chapters span space travel, risk in the cockpit, safety in medicine, nuclear submarine salvage, large construction sites, police

All accidents and incidents at the workplace, and the resulting consequences, are tied to human beings and their actions. Although their avoidance has been a crucial part of training in aviation for the past twenty years, it has been largely ignored in many other occupations with team structures similar to those in aviation. In such professions and workplaces, those involved are under high stress, with enormous workloads, simultaneously completing mental and motor tasks, facing unexpected situations involving great risk, and with uncertain final outcomes. The goal of researchers is to find ways to minimize human error and to understand the interaction amongst the members of the team fulfilling the task. Specialized training programmes, good management and clear rules that lay out which member is responsible for making decisions can be the first steps to reducing and managing such errors. This book is a major result of the Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz Foundation''s 6th Berlin Colloquium, ’Interaction in High Risk Environments’, hosted in 2002 by the Psycholinguistic Group of the Humbolt University Institute for German Language and Linguistics. This group is affiliated with the ongoing research group ’Group Interaction in High Risk Environments (GIHRE)’ sponsored by the Foundation based in Ladenburg, Germany. The Colloquium brings together experts from aerospace, clinical medicine, nuclear power, psychology, linguistics and psycholinguistics, to include fields that have yet to be a major focus of scientific investigations. Together, the authors explore scientific advances with direct application to a range of high risk environments. The aim is to address the issues and root causes of error and lack of teamwork by combining the knowledge of scientific experts with experience gained in different fields of industry and public life. Chapters span space travel, risk in the cockpit, safety in medicine, nuclear submarine salvage, large construction sites, police

All accidents and incidents at the workplace, and the resulting consequences, are tied to human beings and their actions. Although their avoidance has been a crucial part of training in aviation for the past twenty years, it has been largely ignored in many other occupations with team structures similar to those in aviation. In such professions and workplaces, those involved are under high stress, with enormous workloads, simultaneously completing mental and motor tasks, facing unexpected situations involving great risk, and with uncertain final outcomes. The goal of researchers is to find ways to minimize human error and to understand the interaction amongst the members of the team fulfilling the task. Specialized training programmes, good management and clear rules that lay out which member is responsible for making decisions can be the first steps to reducing and managing such errors. This book is a major result of the Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz Foundation''s 6th Berlin Colloquium, ’Interaction in High Risk Environments’, hosted in 2002 by the Psycholinguistic Group of the Humbolt University Institute for German Language and Linguistics. This group is affiliated with the ongoing research group ’Group Interaction in High Risk Environments (GIHRE)’ sponsored by the Foundation based in Ladenburg, Germany. The Colloquium brings together experts from aerospace, clinical medicine, nuclear power, psychology, linguistics and psycholinguistics, to include fields that have yet to be a major focus of scientific investigations. Together, the authors explore scientific advances with direct application to a range of high risk environments. The aim is to address the issues and root causes of error and lack of teamwork by combining the knowledge of scientific experts with experience gained in different fields of industry and public life. Chapters span space travel, risk in the cockpit, safety in medicine, nuclear submarine salvage, large construction sites, police

What governs the way in which people work together and handle technology in high risk environments? The understanding of decision making, communication and the other dimensions of team interaction within aircrews and other teams in highly stressful situations, is based on a multitude of diverse factors, each with its own literature and individual studies. This book is about how teams function in just such situations, providing a uniquely integrated and interdisciplinary account of the dynamics and main explanatory factors of team interaction under high workload. The book stems from the interdisciplinary research project ''Group Interaction in High Risk Environments'' (GIHRE), a Collegium of the Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz Foundation. The goals of the project, and therefore the book, are to investigate, analyze and understand the behavior of professional groups working in high risk environments and to develop practical suggestions for enhancing performance. A central focus of this book is how groups in these professions deal with the factors that can threaten the safety and effectiveness of their task performance, whether these factors are part of the environment or part of the team itself. Four representative workplaces were investigated in three broad settings: in aviation, the cockpit of a commercial airliner; in medicine, the operating room and the intensive care unit of a hospital; in nuclear power, the control room of a nuclear power plant. The international and interdisciplinary composition of the Collegium ensures the book features a variety of different methodological and conceptual approaches, which are brought to bear at both theoretical and practical levels. Readers working in all related fields will find value in the case descriptions, the academic synthesis of the similarities between them, and ways to approach new challenges; specialists in applied psychology, human factors and technical management will gain new insights.

What governs the way in which people work together and handle technology in high risk environments? The understanding of decision making, communication and the other dimensions of team interaction within aircrews and other teams in highly stressful situations, is based on a multitude of diverse factors, each with its own literature and individual studies. This book is about how teams function in just such situations, providing a uniquely integrated and interdisciplinary account of the dynamics and main explanatory factors of team interaction under high workload. The book stems from the interdisciplinary research project ''Group Interaction in High Risk Environments'' (GIHRE), a Collegium of the Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz Foundation. The goals of the project, and therefore the book, are to investigate, analyze and understand the behavior of professional groups working in high risk environments and to develop practical suggestions for enhancing performance. A central focus of this book is how groups in these professions deal with the factors that can threaten the safety and effectiveness of their task performance, whether these factors are part of the environment or part of the team itself. Four representative workplaces were investigated in three broad settings: in aviation, the cockpit of a commercial airliner; in medicine, the operating room and the intensive care unit of a hospital; in nuclear power, the control room of a nuclear power plant. The international and interdisciplinary composition of the Collegium ensures the book features a variety of different methodological and conceptual approaches, which are brought to bear at both theoretical and practical levels. Readers working in all related fields will find value in the case descriptions, the academic synthesis of the similarities between them, and ways to approach new challenges; specialists in applied psychology, human factors and technical management will gain new insights.

This head volume of the 'Narrating Futures' series defines and identifies Future Narratives. It parses their characteristic features and aims at an abstract classification of the whole corpus, irrespective of its concrete manifestations across the media. Drawing on different theorems and approaches, it offers a unified theory and a poetics of Future Narratives. Locating the media-historical moment of their emergence, this volume paves the way for the following volumes, which deal with how Future Narratives are refracted through different media.

This head volume of the ''Narrating Futures'' series defines and identifies Future Narratives. It parses their characteristic features and aims at an abstract classification of the whole corpus, irrespective of its concrete manifestations across the media. Drawing on different theorems and approaches, it offers a unified theory and a poetics of Future Narratives. Locating the media-historical moment of their emergence, this volume paves the way for the following volumes, which deal with how Future Narratives are refracted through different media.

1. 1 Anlaß und Ziel Einer, der abends nach Hause kommt, kann sagen Für heute hätten wir''s wieder mal geschafft. Er sagt es in der Form des Irrealis, meint aber etwas ganz und gar Reales. Oder man kann sich fragen, ob der Satz Wie sollte denn dein Mann einmal aussehen? dasselbe ausdrückt wie Wie sieht dein Traummann aus? Oder: Welche Modalisierung ist im Spiel, wenn jemand urteilt, daß das Essen genießbar war. Und: Ist der Imperativ ein Modus, und wo liegt eigentlich der Witz in Palmströms messerscharfem Fehlschluß, daß nicht sein kann, was nicht sein darf? Das Kapitel Modalität hat in der Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft viele Seiten, und es steckt noch voller Rätsel. Das erfährt besonders, wer sich mit übergreifenden Regularitäten in komplexen sprachlichen Äußerungen wie Texten befaßt und dabei gerade das Ineinandergreifen der involvierten Teilsysteme berücksichtigen will. Das etwa ist die Ausgangssituation für die folgenden Betrachtun­ gen. Sie sollen dazu beitragen aufzuklären, nach welchen Prinzipien Texte strukturiert sind. Nach allgemeinem Konsens sind dies eben Prin­ zipien unterschiedlicher Reichweite, über unterschiedlichen sprachlichen Entitäten und von unterschiedlicher Relevanz für das Gelingen der Kom­ munikation. Die Gesamtvorstellung, in die die Ergebnisse der folgenden Überlegungen eingefügt werden sollen, ist, daß ein Text - semantisch gesehen - einen komplexen Sachverhalt darstellt, in seinen referentiellen Ausdrücken auf einen Verwendungszusammenhang bezogen ist und prag­ matisch als Erledigung einer kommunikativen Aufgabe verstanden wird.

Anhand der leitenden Fragestellung Welche kognitiven Voraussetzungen und Prozesse machen die menschliche Sprachfähigkeit aus? bietet der Band eine umfassende Einführung in die Psycholinguistik. Er präsentiert die folgenden Teilgebiete: Sprachliches Wissen, Spracherwerb, Sprechen, Sprachverstehen sowie Störung und Krankheit des Sprachsystems. Eine umfangreiche Bibliographie und ein Sachregister schließen den Band ab. - Die dritte Auflage wurde vollständig neu bearbeitet sowie aktualisiert und berücksichtigt insbesondere neuere neurowissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse. Im zweifarbigen Layout.

Umfassende Einführung in die Psycholinguistik anhand der leitenden Fragestellung: Welche kognitiven Voraussetzungen und Prozesse machen die menschliche Sprachfähigkeit aus? Folgende Bereiche spielen dabei eine Rolle: Spracherwerb, Verstehen sprachlicher Äußerungen, Sprechen, Inhalt und Aufbau des lexikalischen Wissens sowie Störung und Krankheit des Sprachsystems.

Standardwerk jetzt wieder neu. Der Band gilt als wichtige Einführung in die Themen Spracherwerb, Sprachverstehen, Sprechen und Störung des Sprachsystems. Die 2. Auflage ist jetzt u. a. erweitert um neuere Befunde zu neurobiologischen Methoden und um Erkenntnisse zur Psycholinguistik des Lesens.

Anhand der leitenden Fragestellung Welche kognitiven Voraussetzungen und Prozesse machen die menschliche Sprachfähigkeit aus? bietet der Band eine umfassende Einführung in die Psycholinguistik. Er präsentiert die folgenden Teilgebiete: Sprachliches Wissen, Spracherwerb, Sprechen, Sprachverstehen sowie Störung und Krankheit des Sprachsystems. Eine umfangreiche Bibliographie und ein Sachregister schließen den Band ab. - Die dritte Auflage wurde vollständig neu bearbeitet sowie aktualisiert und berücksichtigt insbesondere neuere neurowissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse. Im zweifarbigen Layout.

Standardwerk jetzt wieder neu. Der Band gilt als wichtige Einführung in die Themen Spracherwerb, Sprachverstehen, Sprechen und Störung des Sprachsystems. Die 2. Auflage ist jetzt u. a. erweitert um neuere Befunde zu neurobiologischen Methoden und um Erkenntnisse zur Psycholinguistik des Lesens.

Autonome Fahrzeuge besitzen das Potenzial, unsere Mobilität grundlegend zu verändern. Wissenschaftlich fundiert und allgemein verständlich werden in diesem Band die gegenwärtig noch offenen Fragen formuliert, die aktuelle Diskussion nachgezeichnet und Lösungsstrategien präsentiert. Die Daimler und Benz Stiftung möchte so einen informierten Diskurs zwischen sämtlichen Teilnehmern am Verkehr der Zukunft anregen – den Forschern, Politikern und der gesamten Gesellschaft.

1. 1 Anlaß und Ziel Einer, der abends nach Hause kommt, kann sagen Für heute hätten wir's wieder mal geschafft. Er sagt es in der Form des Irrealis, meint aber etwas ganz und gar Reales. Oder man kann sich fragen, ob der Satz Wie sollte denn dein Mann einmal aussehen? dasselbe ausdrückt wie Wie sieht dein Traummann aus? Oder: Welche Modalisierung ist im Spiel, wenn jemand urteilt, daß das Essen genießbar war. Und: Ist der Imperativ ein Modus, und wo liegt eigentlich der Witz in Palmströms messerscharfem Fehlschluß, daß nicht sein kann, was nicht sein darf? Das Kapitel Modalität hat in der Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft viele Seiten, und es steckt noch voller Rätsel. Das erfährt besonders, wer sich mit übergreifenden Regularitäten in komplexen sprachlichen Äußerungen wie Texten befaßt und dabei gerade das Ineinandergreifen der involvierten Teilsysteme berücksichtigen will. Das etwa ist die Ausgangssituation für die folgenden Betrachtun­ gen. Sie sollen dazu beitragen aufzuklären, nach welchen Prinzipien Texte strukturiert sind. Nach allgemeinem Konsens sind dies eben Prin­ zipien unterschiedlicher Reichweite, über unterschiedlichen sprachlichen Entitäten und von unterschiedlicher Relevanz für das Gelingen der Kom­ munikation. Die Gesamtvorstellung, in die die Ergebnisse der folgenden Überlegungen eingefügt werden sollen, ist, daß ein Text - semantisch gesehen - einen komplexen Sachverhalt darstellt, in seinen referentiellen Ausdrücken auf einen Verwendungszusammenhang bezogen ist und prag­ matisch als Erledigung einer kommunikativen Aufgabe verstanden wird.

Eine Zigarre rauchen, Zeitung lesen und sich am Kopf kratzen, das kann man gleichzeitig - und zwar mühelos, konstatiert John Searle. Ein Auto im Dunkeln in eine enge Parklücke rangieren und zugleich dem Beifahrer erklären, wo die Opernkarten sind, ist heikel und mehr als heikel, wenn die Ouvertüre schon begonnen hat.Dass die Sprachverwendung, produktiv und perzeptiv, eine anspruchsvolle kognitive Aktivität ist, zeigt sich, wenn das kognitive System gleichzeitig andere anspruchsvolle Leistungen durchführt. Dann vermindert sich die Leistung, die eine oder die andere oder beide.Die Frage nach der sprachliche Performanz unter so genannten Doppelaufgabenbedingungen ist für die Sprachforschung so spannend wie ungewohnt. Antworten darauf sind nicht nur von akademischem Interesse. Im Cockpit eines Linienjets, am Operationstisch und in der Leitwarte eines Kernkraftwerks verursacht eingeschränkte Kommunikationsleistung unmittelbare Gefahr.In diesem Heft berichten u.a. Linguisten und Psycholinguisten (Krifka, Dietrich), Human-Factors-Experten (Helmreich, Sexton), Arbeitspsychologen (Grote, Sträter) über Prinzipien der Sprachverwendung unter Aufgabendruck und Zeitdruck.Abstracts:Using Language in the Cockpit: Relationships with Workload and PerformanceJ. Bryan Sexton & Robert L. HelmreichFew events attract as much international attention as an accident involving a commercial jumbo jet airplane. The public, the airlines, the airplane manufacturers, and particularly the friends and family of passengers demand answers. The work presented here illustrates the importance of flight deck communication in flight safety through a simulator study of how and what pilots communicate. This investigation utilized a computer-based linguistic method of text analysis as well as a micro-coding of communication content. Analyses of simulator transcripts demonstrated that several language dimensions were associated with higher performance, fewer errors, and better communication. The ways in which pilots used language varied as a function of crew position and level of workload. Additionally, language use in the first flight of a crew pairing was associated with performance in subsequent flights.Group Interaction in the Cockpit: Some Linguistic FactorsManfred Krifka, Silka Martens, and Florian SchwarzFor a number of years it has been recognized that the social dynamics of group interaction is an import factor in the origin of accidents and in the way how accidents or accident-prone situations are handled in aviation (cf. Helmreich 1997a, 1997b). Factors related to interpersonal communication have been implicated in up to 80% of all aviation accidents over the past 20 years. As a reaction to this, Crew Resource Management (CRM) has been developed with the goal of rating and improving crew performance in aviation and in other fields in which professional groups interact in situations of high taskload and potential risk (cf. Helmreich ea. 1999). As far as this can be estimated at all, installing CRM techniques in the major American and European airlines has resulted in a definite improvement in the safety of commercial aviation. In spite of this success of CRM, practitioners in the field feel that, beyond the general social dynamics of group interaction, there might be potential problems relating to language and communication in such settings.In this article, we first summarize some aspects of previous research in this area. Then we report findings from a project that one of us, Manfred Krifka, has carried out, using transcripts of flight simulator sessions with pilots of a commercial American airline. We will discuss some of the problems of this project. Finally, we describe an ongoing continuation of that project that uses flight simulator sessions with pilots of a commercial German airline.