Richard Nowak – författare

Corporate boards play a central role in corporate governance and are thus regulated in the corporate law and corporate governance codes of all industrialized countries. Yet while there is a common core of rules on the boards considerable differences remain. These differences depend partly on shareholder structure, partly on historical, political and social developments and especially employee representation on the board. More recently, in particular with the rise ofthe international corporate governance code movement, there is a clear tendency towards convergence, at least in terms of the formal provisions of the codes.This book analyses the corporate boards, their regulation in law and codes and their actual functioning in ten European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom). It offers the most up to date practical and analytical information on boards in Europe by leading company law experts. The issues addressed include: board structure, composition and functioning (one tier v. two tier, independent directors, expertise anddiversity, separating the chair and the CEO functions, information streams, committees, voting and employee representation); enforcement by liability rules (in particular conflicts of interest), incentive structures (remuneration) and shareholder activism.

Corporate boards play a central role in corporate governance and are thus regulated in the corporate law and corporate governance codes of all industrialized countries. Yet while there is a common core of rules on the boards considerable differences remain. These differences depend partly on shareholder structure, partly on historical, political and social developments and especially employee representation on the board. More recently, in particular with the rise ofthe international corporate governance code movement, there is a clear tendency towards convergence, at least in terms of the formal provisions of the codes.This book analyses the corporate boards, their regulation in law and codes and their actual functioning in ten European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom). It offers the most up to date practical and analytical information on boards in Europe by leading company law experts. The issues addressed include: board structure, composition and functioning (one tier v. two tier, independent directors, expertise anddiversity, separating the chair and the CEO functions, information streams, committees, voting and employee representation); enforcement by liability rules (in particular conflicts of interest), incentive structures (remuneration) and shareholder activism.

Corporate boards play a central role in corporate governance and are thus regulated in the corporate law and corporate governance codes of all industrialized countries. Yet while there is a common core of rules on the boards considerable differences remain. These differences depend partly on shareholder structure, partly on historical, political and social developments and especially employee representation on the board. More recently, in particular with the rise of the international corporate governance code movement, there is a clear tendency towards convergence, at least in terms of the formal provisions of the codes. This book analyses the corporate boards, their regulation in law and codes and their actual functioning in ten European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom). It offers the most up to date practical and analytical information on boards in Europe by leading company law experts. The issues addressed include: board structure, composition and functioning (one tier v. two tier, independent directors, expertise and diversity, separating the chair and the CEO functions, information streams, committees, voting and employee representation); enforcement by liability rules (in particular conflicts of interest), incentive structures (remuneration) and shareholder activism.

Die großen Etappen in der Geschichte des Geld-und Kapitalmarktes der Ver­ einigten Staaten von Amerika sind gekennzeichnet durch schwere Krisen und durch die darauf folgenden Reaktionen des Gesetzgebers. Die Serie von Depressio­ nen in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, zuletzt der Einbruch im Jahre 1857, führten zu dem allerdings noch unzulänglichen Versuch, durch den National Bank­ ing Act of 1863 die Unelastizität des Systems der unabhängigen Einzelbanken zu überwinden. Nach einer weiteren Reihe von Störungen, an deren Ende die schwere Kreditkrise von 1907 stand, wurde durch den Federal Reserve Act of 1913 in den USA, als letzte der großen Handels-und Industrienationen der westlichen Welt, eine Zentralbank geschaffen. Das Federal Reserve System hat in den 50 Jahren seines Bestehens entscheidend zur Gesundung der amerikanischen Finanzwirt­ schaft beigetragen. Die Weltwirtschaftskrise von 1929/31 löste mit den Banking Acts of 1933 und 1935 eine weitere grundlegende Reform der gesetzlichen Bestim­ mungen aus. Erstmals wurde auch der Kapitalmarkt in die Regulierungen mit ein­ bezogen. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieser Reform waren die Errichtung der Securities and Exchange Commission und die Trennung in Geldmarkt-und Kapi­ talmarktbanken. Insgesamt besteht auch in den USA die Tendenz zur immer stärkeren Beschränkung der ursprünglichen absoluten Bankfreiheit. Das wichtigste Ereignis nach dem Ende des 2. Weltkrieges schlug sich allerdings nicht in einem Gesetz nieder.