''Gaining control'' tells the story of how human behavioral capacities evolved from those of other animal species. Exploring what is known about the psychological capacities of other groups of animals, the authors reconstruct a fascinating history of our own mental evolution.In the book, the authors see mental evolution as a series of steps in which new mechanisms for controlling behavior develop in different species - starting with early representatives of this kingdom, and leading to a species - us - that can engage in a large number of different types of behavioral control. Key to their argument is the idea that each of these steps — from reflexes to instincts, drives, emotions, and cognitive planning - can be seen as a novel type of psychological adaptation inwhich information is ''inherited'' by an animal from its own behavior through new forms of learning - a form of major evolutionary transition. Thus the mechanisms that result from these steps in increasingly complex behavioral control can also be seen as the fundamental building blocks of psychology.Such a perspective on behaviour has a number of implications for practitioners in fields ranging from experimental psychology to public health.Short, provocative, and insightful, this book will be of great interest and use to evolutionary psychologists and biologists, anthropologists and the scientific community as a whole.

''Gaining control'' tells the story of how human behavioral capacities evolved from those of other animal species. Exploring what is known about the psychological capacities of other groups of animals, the authors reconstruct a fascinating history of our own mental evolution.In the book, the authors see mental evolution as a series of steps in which new mechanisms for controlling behavior develop in different species - starting with early representatives of this kingdom, and leading to a species - us - that can engage in a large number of different types of behavioral control. Key to their argument is the idea that each of these steps — from reflexes to instincts, drives, emotions, and cognitive planning - can be seen as a novel type of psychological adaptation inwhich information is ''inherited'' by an animal from its own behavior through new forms of learning - a form of major evolutionary transition. Thus the mechanisms that result from these steps in increasingly complex behavioral control can also be seen as the fundamental building blocks of psychology.Such a perspective on behaviour has a number of implications for practitioners in fields ranging from experimental psychology to public health.Short, provocative, and insightful, this book will be of great interest and use to evolutionary psychologists and biologists, anthropologists and the scientific community as a whole.

The publication in 1998 of Susan Blackmore's bestselling 'The meme machine' re-awakened the debate over the highly controverial field of memetics. In the past couple of years, there has been an explosion of interest in 'memes'. The one thing noticably missing though, has been any kind of proper debate over the validity of a concept regarded by many as scientifically suspect. Darwinizing culture: the status of memetics as a science pits leading intellectuals, (both supporters and opponents of meme theory), against eachother to battle it out, and state their case. With a foreword by Daniel Dennett, and contributions from Dan Sperber, David Hull, Robert Boyd, Susan Blackmore, Henry Plotkin, and others, the result is a thrilling and challenging debate that will perhaps mark a turning point for the field, and for future research. Superbly edited by Robert Aunger, Darwinizing culture is a thought provoking book, that will fascinate, stimulate, (and occasionally perhaps infuriate) a broad range of readers including, psychologists, biologists, philosophers, linguists, and anthropologists.

Many of us would like to change one or more of our own behaviors, or those of others. Governments and public health officials frequently initiate programs to promote behavior change on a broad scale. But behavior change is difficult, and success frequently eludes us.Reset: An Introduction to Behavior Centered Design presents a new framework for achieving behavior change that draws on recent advances in neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and ecological psychology. Behavior Centered Design provides a behavioral model derived from reinforcement learning theory, develops a fundamental taxonomy of needs based in evolutionary biology, shows how the disruption of behavior settings is key, and lays out the steps involved in programming for behavior change. Part 1 of Reset begins with an in-depth presentation of the theory behind the model - such as how BCD conceptualizes behavior change - and emphasizes the key principles of surprise, revaluation, and performance. Part 2 is a step-by-step manual for conceiving, creating, implementing, and evaluating a behavior change program. Numerous real-life examples are provided, as well as additional resources to support mastery of the BCD approach. Applied successfully to a range of public health behaviors as well as in commercial product design and marketing, the BCD approach encourages behavior change practitioners to think differently about behavior - both in understanding how and why it is produced, and in how to design programs to change it.

Many of us would like to change one or more of our own behaviors, or those of others. Governments and public health officials frequently initiate programs to promote behavior change on a broad scale. But behavior change is difficult, and success frequently eludes us.Reset: An Introduction to Behavior Centered Design presents a new framework for achieving behavior change that draws on recent advances in neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and ecological psychology. Behavior Centered Design provides a behavioral model derived from reinforcement learning theory, develops a fundamental taxonomy of needs based in evolutionary biology, shows how the disruption of behavior settings is key, and lays out the steps involved in programming for behavior change. Part 1 of Reset begins with an in-depth presentation of the theory behind the model - such as how BCD conceptualizes behavior change - and emphasizes the key principles of surprise, revaluation, and performance. Part 2 is a step-by-step manual for conceiving, creating, implementing, and evaluating a behavior change program. Numerous real-life examples are provided, as well as additional resources to support mastery of the BCD approach. Applied successfully to a range of public health behaviors as well as in commercial product design and marketing, the BCD approach encourages behavior change practitioners to think differently about behavior - both in understanding how and why it is produced, and in how to design programs to change it.

Many of us would like to change one or more of our own behaviors, or those of others. Governments and public health officials frequently initiate programs to promote behavior change on a broad scale. But behavior change is difficult, and success frequently eludes us.Reset: An Introduction to Behavior Centered Design presents a new framework for achieving behavior change that draws on recent advances in neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and ecological psychology. Behavior Centered Design provides a behavioral model derived from reinforcement learning theory, develops a fundamental taxonomy of needs based in evolutionary biology, shows how the disruption of behavior settings is key, and lays out the steps involved in programming for behavior change. Part 1 of Reset begins with an in-depth presentation of the theory behind the model - such as how BCD conceptualizes behavior change - and emphasizes the key principles of surprise, revaluation, and performance. Part 2 is a step-by-step manual for conceiving, creating, implementing, and evaluating a behavior change program. Numerous real-life examples are provided, as well as additional resources to support mastery of the BCD approach. Applied successfully to a range of public health behaviors as well as in commercial product design and marketing, the BCD approach encourages behavior change practitioners to think differently about behavior - both in understanding how and why it is produced, and in how to design programs to change it.

'Gaining control' tells the story of how human behavioral capacities evolved from those of other animal species. Exploring what is known about the psychological capacities of other groups of animals, the authors reconstruct a fascinating history of our own mental evolution. In the book, the authors see mental evolution as a series of steps in which new mechanisms for controlling behavior develop in different species - starting with early representatives of this kingdom, and leading to a species - us - that can engage in a large number of different types of behavioral control. Key to their argument is the idea that each of these steps -- from reflexes to instincts, drives, emotions, and cognitive planning - can be seen as a novel type of psychological adaptation in which information is 'inherited' by an animal from its own behavior through new forms of learning - a form of major evolutionary transition. Thus the mechanisms that result from these steps in increasingly complex behavioral control can also be seen as the fundamental building blocks of psychology. Such a perspective on behaviour has a number of implications for practitioners in fields ranging from experimental psychology to public health. Short, provocative, and insightful, this book will be of great interest and use to evolutionary psychologists and biologists, anthropologists and the scientific community as a whole.

From biology to culture to the new new economy, the buzzword on everyone''s lips is "meme." How do animals learn things? How does human culture evolve? How does viral marketing work? The answer to these disparate questions and even to what is the nature of thought itself is, simply, the meme. For decades researchers have been convinced that memes were The Next Big Thing for the understanding of society and ourselves. But no one has so far been able to define what they are. Until now.Here, for the first time, Robert Aunger outlines what a meme physically is, how memes originated, how they developed, and how they have made our brains into their survival systems. They are thoughts. They are parasites. They are in control. A meme is a distinct pattern of electrical charges in a node in our brains that reproduces a thousand times faster than a bacterium. Memes have found ways to leap from one brain to another. A number of them are being replicated in your brain as you read this paragraph.In 1976 the biologist Richard Dawkins suggested that all animals -- including humans -- are puppets and that genes hold the strings. That is, we are robots serving as life support for the genes that control us. And all they want to do is replicate themselves. But then, we do lots of things that don''t seem to help genes replicate. We decide not to have children, we waste our time doing dangerous things like mountain climbing, or boring things like reading, or stupid things like smoking that don''t seem to help genes get copied into the next generation. We do all sorts of cultural things for reasons that don''t seem to have anything to do with genes. Fashions in sports, books, clothes, ideas, politics, lifestyles come and go and give our lives meaning, so how can we be gene robots? Dawkins recognized that something else was going on. We communicate with one another and we get ideas, and these ideas seem to have a life of their own. Maybe there was something called memes that were like thought genes. Maybe our bodies were gene robots and our minds were meme robots. That would mean that what we think is not the result of our own creativity, but rather the result of the evolutionary flow of memes as they wash through us. What is the biological reality of an idea with a life of its own? What is a thought gene? It''s a meme. And no one before Robert Aunger has established what it physically must be. This elegant, paradigm-shifting analysis identifies how memes replicate in our brains, how they evolved, and how they use artifacts like books and photographs and advertisements to get from one brain to another. Destined to inflame arguments about free will, open doors to new ways of sharing our thoughts, and provide a revolutionary explanation of consciousness, The Electric Meme will change the way each of us thinks about our minds, our cultures, and our daily choices.

Aunger proposes a solution to a fundamental debate in contemporary ethnography: the source of ethnographic authority. He advocates the method of reflexive analysis as a new way of doing ethnography and making it a more effective scientific endeavor. Reflexive Ethnographic Science constitutes a foil to those in cultural studies and related fields who deride the possibility of verifiable ethnographic representations. Aunger's new work promises to reinvigorate ethnographic research and methods by a unique combination of traditional and postmodern objectives, through the reflexive achievement of authority. He explains how reflexive analysis requires changes in standard ethnographic practice in terms of data collection, analysis, and presentation. Using this method, the author offers a case study of the food taboos in a multi-ethnic population in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which includes pygmy foragers and their horticulturalist Bantu neighbors. This book is a valuable tool for graduate level courses in ethnographic method and theory, and a key reference for researchers in the social sciences who employ interviewing, participant observation methods, and multivariate statistical models, including anthropology, sociology, and psychology.

''Gaining control'' tells the story of how human behavioral capacities evolved from those of other animal species. Exploring what is known about the psychological capacities of other groups of animals, the authors reconstruct a fascinating history of our own mental evolution.In the book, the authors see mental evolution as a series of steps in which new mechanisms for controlling behavior develop in different species - starting with early representatives of this kingdom, and leading to a species - us - that can engage in a large number of different types of behavioral control. Key to their argument is the idea that each of these steps — from reflexes to instincts, drives, emotions, and cognitive planning - can be seen as a novel type of psychological adaptation inwhich information is ''inherited'' by an animal from its own behavior through new forms of learning - a form of major evolutionary transition. Thus the mechanisms that result from these steps in increasingly complex behavioral control can also be seen as the fundamental building blocks of psychology.Such a perspective on behaviour has a number of implications for practitioners in fields ranging from experimental psychology to public health.Short, provocative, and insightful, this book will be of great interest and use to evolutionary psychologists and biologists, anthropologists and the scientific community as a whole.

''Gaining control'' tells the story of how human behavioral capacities evolved from those of other animal species. Exploring what is known about the psychological capacities of other groups of animals, the authors reconstruct a fascinating history of our own mental evolution.In the book, the authors see mental evolution as a series of steps in which new mechanisms for controlling behavior develop in different species - starting with early representatives of this kingdom, and leading to a species - us - that can engage in a large number of different types of behavioral control. Key to their argument is the idea that each of these steps — from reflexes to instincts, drives, emotions, and cognitive planning - can be seen as a novel type of psychological adaptation inwhich information is ''inherited'' by an animal from its own behavior through new forms of learning - a form of major evolutionary transition. Thus the mechanisms that result from these steps in increasingly complex behavioral control can also be seen as the fundamental building blocks of psychology.Such a perspective on behaviour has a number of implications for practitioners in fields ranging from experimental psychology to public health.Short, provocative, and insightful, this book will be of great interest and use to evolutionary psychologists and biologists, anthropologists and the scientific community as a whole.

The publication in 1998 of Susan Blackmore's bestselling 'The meme machine' re-awakened the debate over the highly controverial field of memetics. In the past couple of years, there has been an explosion of interest in 'memes'. The one thing noticably missing though, has been any kind of proper debate over the validity of a concept regarded by many as scientifically suspect. Darwinizing culture: the status of memetics as a science pits leading intellectuals, (both supporters and opponents of meme theory), against eachother to battle it out, and state their case. With a foreword by Daniel Dennett, and contributions from Dan Sperber, David Hull, Robert Boyd, Susan Blackmore, Henry Plotkin, and others, the result is a thrilling and challenging debate that will perhaps mark a turning point for the field, and for future research. Superbly edited by Robert Aunger, Darwinizing culture is a thought provoking book, that will fascinate, stimulate, (and occasionally perhaps infuriate) a broad range of readers including, psychologists, biologists, philosophers, linguists, and anthropologists.

Many of us would like to change one or more of our own behaviors, or those of others. Governments and public health officials frequently initiate programs to promote behavior change on a broad scale. But behavior change is difficult, and success frequently eludes us.Reset: An Introduction to Behavior Centered Design presents a new framework for achieving behavior change that draws on recent advances in neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and ecological psychology. Behavior Centered Design provides a behavioral model derived from reinforcement learning theory, develops a fundamental taxonomy of needs based in evolutionary biology, shows how the disruption of behavior settings is key, and lays out the steps involved in programming for behavior change. Part 1 of Reset begins with an in-depth presentation of the theory behind the model - such as how BCD conceptualizes behavior change - and emphasizes the key principles of surprise, revaluation, and performance. Part 2 is a step-by-step manual for conceiving, creating, implementing, and evaluating a behavior change program. Numerous real-life examples are provided, as well as additional resources to support mastery of the BCD approach. Applied successfully to a range of public health behaviors as well as in commercial product design and marketing, the BCD approach encourages behavior change practitioners to think differently about behavior - both in understanding how and why it is produced, and in how to design programs to change it.

Many of us would like to change one or more of our own behaviors, or those of others. Governments and public health officials frequently initiate programs to promote behavior change on a broad scale. But behavior change is difficult, and success frequently eludes us.Reset: An Introduction to Behavior Centered Design presents a new framework for achieving behavior change that draws on recent advances in neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and ecological psychology. Behavior Centered Design provides a behavioral model derived from reinforcement learning theory, develops a fundamental taxonomy of needs based in evolutionary biology, shows how the disruption of behavior settings is key, and lays out the steps involved in programming for behavior change. Part 1 of Reset begins with an in-depth presentation of the theory behind the model - such as how BCD conceptualizes behavior change - and emphasizes the key principles of surprise, revaluation, and performance. Part 2 is a step-by-step manual for conceiving, creating, implementing, and evaluating a behavior change program. Numerous real-life examples are provided, as well as additional resources to support mastery of the BCD approach. Applied successfully to a range of public health behaviors as well as in commercial product design and marketing, the BCD approach encourages behavior change practitioners to think differently about behavior - both in understanding how and why it is produced, and in how to design programs to change it.

Many of us would like to change one or more of our own behaviors, or those of others. Governments and public health officials frequently initiate programs to promote behavior change on a broad scale. But behavior change is difficult, and success frequently eludes us.Reset: An Introduction to Behavior Centered Design presents a new framework for achieving behavior change that draws on recent advances in neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and ecological psychology. Behavior Centered Design provides a behavioral model derived from reinforcement learning theory, develops a fundamental taxonomy of needs based in evolutionary biology, shows how the disruption of behavior settings is key, and lays out the steps involved in programming for behavior change. Part 1 of Reset begins with an in-depth presentation of the theory behind the model - such as how BCD conceptualizes behavior change - and emphasizes the key principles of surprise, revaluation, and performance. Part 2 is a step-by-step manual for conceiving, creating, implementing, and evaluating a behavior change program. Numerous real-life examples are provided, as well as additional resources to support mastery of the BCD approach. Applied successfully to a range of public health behaviors as well as in commercial product design and marketing, the BCD approach encourages behavior change practitioners to think differently about behavior - both in understanding how and why it is produced, and in how to design programs to change it.

'Gaining control' tells the story of how human behavioral capacities evolved from those of other animal species. Exploring what is known about the psychological capacities of other groups of animals, the authors reconstruct a fascinating history of our own mental evolution. In the book, the authors see mental evolution as a series of steps in which new mechanisms for controlling behavior develop in different species - starting with early representatives of this kingdom, and leading to a species - us - that can engage in a large number of different types of behavioral control. Key to their argument is the idea that each of these steps -- from reflexes to instincts, drives, emotions, and cognitive planning - can be seen as a novel type of psychological adaptation in which information is 'inherited' by an animal from its own behavior through new forms of learning - a form of major evolutionary transition. Thus the mechanisms that result from these steps in increasingly complex behavioral control can also be seen as the fundamental building blocks of psychology. Such a perspective on behaviour has a number of implications for practitioners in fields ranging from experimental psychology to public health. Short, provocative, and insightful, this book will be of great interest and use to evolutionary psychologists and biologists, anthropologists and the scientific community as a whole.

From biology to culture to the new new economy, the buzzword on everyone''s lips is "meme." How do animals learn things? How does human culture evolve? How does viral marketing work? The answer to these disparate questions and even to what is the nature of thought itself is, simply, the meme. For decades researchers have been convinced that memes were The Next Big Thing for the understanding of society and ourselves. But no one has so far been able to define what they are. Until now.Here, for the first time, Robert Aunger outlines what a meme physically is, how memes originated, how they developed, and how they have made our brains into their survival systems. They are thoughts. They are parasites. They are in control. A meme is a distinct pattern of electrical charges in a node in our brains that reproduces a thousand times faster than a bacterium. Memes have found ways to leap from one brain to another. A number of them are being replicated in your brain as you read this paragraph.In 1976 the biologist Richard Dawkins suggested that all animals -- including humans -- are puppets and that genes hold the strings. That is, we are robots serving as life support for the genes that control us. And all they want to do is replicate themselves. But then, we do lots of things that don''t seem to help genes replicate. We decide not to have children, we waste our time doing dangerous things like mountain climbing, or boring things like reading, or stupid things like smoking that don''t seem to help genes get copied into the next generation. We do all sorts of cultural things for reasons that don''t seem to have anything to do with genes. Fashions in sports, books, clothes, ideas, politics, lifestyles come and go and give our lives meaning, so how can we be gene robots? Dawkins recognized that something else was going on. We communicate with one another and we get ideas, and these ideas seem to have a life of their own. Maybe there was something called memes that were like thought genes. Maybe our bodies were gene robots and our minds were meme robots. That would mean that what we think is not the result of our own creativity, but rather the result of the evolutionary flow of memes as they wash through us. What is the biological reality of an idea with a life of its own? What is a thought gene? It''s a meme. And no one before Robert Aunger has established what it physically must be. This elegant, paradigm-shifting analysis identifies how memes replicate in our brains, how they evolved, and how they use artifacts like books and photographs and advertisements to get from one brain to another. Destined to inflame arguments about free will, open doors to new ways of sharing our thoughts, and provide a revolutionary explanation of consciousness, The Electric Meme will change the way each of us thinks about our minds, our cultures, and our daily choices.

Aunger proposes a solution to a fundamental debate in contemporary ethnography: the source of ethnographic authority. He advocates the method of reflexive analysis as a new way of doing ethnography and making it a more effective scientific endeavor. Reflexive Ethnographic Science constitutes a foil to those in cultural studies and related fields who deride the possibility of verifiable ethnographic representations. Aunger's new work promises to reinvigorate ethnographic research and methods by a unique combination of traditional and postmodern objectives, through the reflexive achievement of authority. He explains how reflexive analysis requires changes in standard ethnographic practice in terms of data collection, analysis, and presentation. Using this method, the author offers a case study of the food taboos in a multi-ethnic population in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which includes pygmy foragers and their horticulturalist Bantu neighbors. This book is a valuable tool for graduate level courses in ethnographic method and theory, and a key reference for researchers in the social sciences who employ interviewing, participant observation methods, and multivariate statistical models, including anthropology, sociology, and psychology.