Roberto Lucchetti - Böcker

This book deals mainly with the study of convex functions and their behavior from the point of view of stability with respect to perturbations. We shall consider convex functions from the most modern point of view: a function is de?ned to be convex whenever its epigraph, the set of the points lying above the graph, is a convex set. Thus many of its properties can be seen also as properties of a certain convex set related to it. Moreover, we shall consider extended real valued functions, i. e. , functions taking possibly the values?? and +?. The reason for considering the value +? is the powerful device of including the constraint set of a constrained minimum problem into the objective function itself (by rede?ning it as +? outside the constraint set). Except for trivial cases, the minimum value must be taken at a point where the function is not +?, hence at a point in the constraint set. And the value ?? is allowed because useful operations, such as the inf-convolution, can give rise to functions valued?? even when the primitive objects are real valued. Observe that de?ning the objective function to be +? outside the closed constraint set preserves lower semicontinuity, which is the pivotal and mi- mal continuity assumption one needs when dealing with minimum problems. Variational calculus is usually based on derivatives.

The increasing complexity of mathematical models, and the related need to introduce simplifying assumptions and numerical approximations, has led to the need to consider approximate solutions. When dealing with any mathematical model, some of the basic questions to be asked are whether the solution is stable to perturbations, what the approximate solutions are, and if the set of approximate solutions is close to the original solution set. The interrelationships between these aspects are also of theoretical interest. Such concepts are described in the present volume, which emphasizes the concepts of approximate solution, well-posedness and stability in optimization, calculus of variations, optimal control, and the mathematics of conflict (e.g. game theory and vector optimization). The most recent developments are covered.

This book deals with the study of convex functions and of their behavior from the point of view of stability with respect to perturbations. Convex functions are considered from the modern point of view that underlines the geometrical aspect: thus a function is defined as convex whenever its graph is a convex set. A primary goal of this book is to study the problems of stability and well-posedness, in the convex case. Stability means that the basic parameters of a minimum problem do not vary much if we slightly change the initial data. On the other hand, well-posedness means that points with values close to the value of the problem must be close to actual solutions. In studying this, one is naturally led to consider perturbations of functions and of sets. While there exist numerous classic texts on the issue of stability, there only exists one book on hypertopologies [Beer 1993]. The current book differs from Beer's in that it contains a much more condensed explication of hypertopologies and is intended to help those not familiar with hypertopologies learn how to use them in the context of optimization problems.

Contents: I. Ekeland: Some Variational Methods Arising from Mathematical Economics.- A. Mas-Colell: Four Lectures on the Differentiable Approach to General Equilibrium Theory.- J. Scheinkman: Dynamic General Equilibrium Models.- S. Zamir: Topics in Non Cooperative Game Theory.

Steps forward in mathematics often reverberate in other scientific disciplines, and give rise to innovative conceptual developments or find surprising technological applications. This volume brings to the forefront some of the proponents of the mathematics of the twentieth century, who have put at our disposal new and powerful instruments for investigating the reality around us. The portraits present people who have impressive charisma and wide-ranging cultural interests, who are passionate about defending the importance of their own research, are sensitive to beauty, and attentive to the social and political problems of their times. What we have sought to document is mathematics’ central position in the culture of our day. Space has been made not only for the great mathematicians but also for literary texts, including contributions by two apparent interlopers, Robert Musil and Raymond Queneau, for whom mathematical concepts represented a valuable tool for resolving the struggle between ‘soul and precision.’

Steps forward in mathematics often reverberate in other scientific disciplines, and give rise to innovative conceptual developments or find surprising technological applications.

È convinzione generale che la matematica sia una materia difficile da capire, che usa simboli esoterici e un linguaggio poco comprensibile, che sia soprattutto calcolo.

La varietà e l’interesse dei contributi alla Lettera Matematica Pristem hanno spinto i curatori, d’accordo con il comitato di redazione, a proporre in questa raccolta alcuni articoli apparsi sulla rivista dalla sua fondazione ad oggi. atica Pristem è una rivista, edita dalla Springer-Verlag Italia, che affronta temi legati alla ricerca matematica, ai fondamenti di questa disciplina, alla sua storia e alle sue applicazioni negli ambiti più vari. La sfida è quella di interessare e divertire il lettore, riuscendo allo stesso tempo a convincerlo che la matematica, di solito ritenuta affare di pochi iniziati, lontana dagli interessi della gente comune, arido esercizio di astrusi calcoli, è invece fondamentale nella nostra vita quotidiana, ed è davvero dappertutto attorno a noi: nelle carte di credito, nella posta elettronica, in internet, nell’arte, nei giochi, nelle scelte (anche di tipo etico) che facciamo in situazioni conflittuali, e perfino in politica.