R.P. Reed – författare

The 1985 joint Cryogenic Engineering/International Cryogenic Materi­ als Conference was held on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. About 350 papers were presented at the joint conference on a wide variety of topics in cryogenic science and engineering. This volume of Advances in cryogenic Eogineerlng, the thirty-first in the series which began in 1954, contains most of the papers which were presented at the 1985 Cryogenic Engineering Conference. Each paper was rigorously peer reviewed to maintain the international reputation of Advances as the premier archival publication in the field of cryoscience, engineering, and technology. All the papers published in Volume 31 contain an abstract. A copy of the book will be sent to all maj or abstracting services, which should improve retrieval of the information contained in the published papers. I would like to thank the authors and those who served as reviewers. I especially appreciate the assistance of my colleague M. E. Stone who edited some of the papers for this volume. Terry Gutierrez was invaluable in preparing the manuscripts for publication, and I thank her. xvii DEDICATION Dr. Samuel C. Collins, Professor Emeritus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, internationally known as the father of practical helium liquefiers and founder of the MIT Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory, died on June 19, 1984, in George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC.

The Fourth International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) was held in San Diego, California in conjunction with the Cryogenic Engineer­ ing Conference (CEC) on August 10-l4, 1981. The synergism produced by conducting the two conferences together remains very strong. In the ap­ pl1cation of cryogenic technology, materials continue to be a demanding challenge, and sometimes, an obstacle. The association of materials and cryogenic engineers increases their awareness of recent research in each other''s fields and influences the course of future research. Many contributed to the success of the 1981 conference. J. W. Morris of the University of California--Berkeley was ICMC Conference Chairman. E. N. C. Dalder of Lawrence Livermore Laboratories was ICMC Structural Program Chairman; D. C. Larbalestier of the University of Wisconsin-­ Madison, and D. K. Finnemore of Iowa State University were Superconducting Materials Program Chairmen. Local arrangments were expertly coordinated by R. E. Tatro of General Dynamics--San Diego. The CEC Board, especia11y their conference chairman, T. M. Flynn, of the National Bureau of Stan­ dards, Boulder, contributed very substantia1ly to conference planning and implementation. All of their efforts provided the foundation of the largest CEC/ICMC ever. We thank the Office of Naval Research and the Office of Fusion Energy and Basic Energy Sciences of the Department of Energy for providing needed financial support for the conference. Fina11y, we especially thank M. Stieg, who prepared the papers for the new procedures and format used in this volume.

The Fourth International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) was held in San Diego, California in conjunction with the Cryogenic Engineer­ ing Conference (CEC) on August 10-l4, 1981. The synergism produced by conducting the two conferences together remains very strong. In the ap­ pl1cation of cryogenic technology, materials continue to be a demanding challenge, and sometimes, an obstacle. The association of materials and cryogenic engineers increases their awareness of recent research in each other's fields and influences the course of future research. Many contributed to the success of the 1981 conference. J. W. Morris of the University of California--Berkeley was ICMC Conference Chairman. E. N. C. Dalder of Lawrence Livermore Laboratories was ICMC Structural Program Chairman; D. C. Larbalestier of the University of Wisconsin-­ Madison, and D. K. Finnemore of Iowa State University were Superconducting Materials Program Chairmen. Local arrangments were expertly coordinated by R. E. Tatro of General Dynamics--San Diego. The CEC Board, especia11y their conference chairman, T. M. Flynn, of the National Bureau of Stan­ dards, Boulder, contributed very substantia1ly to conference planning and implementation. All of their efforts provided the foundation of the largest CEC/ICMC ever. We thank the Office of Naval Research and the Office of Fusion Energy and Basic Energy Sciences of the Department of Energy for providing needed financial support for the conference. Fina11y, we especially thank M. Stieg, who prepared the papers for the new procedures and format used in this volume.

The Sixth International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) was held on the campus of Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge in col­ laboration with the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC) on August 12-16, 1985. The complementary program and the interdependence of these two dis­ ciplines foster the conference. Its manifest purpose is sharing the latest advances in low temperature materials science and technology. Equally im­ portant, areas of needed research are identified, prioriti-es for new research are set, and an increased appreciation of interdisciplinary, interlaboratory, and international cooperation ensues. The success of the conference is the result of the. able leadership and hard work of many people: S. Foner of M.I.T. coordinated ICMC efforts as its Conference Chairman. A. I. Braginski of Westinghouse R&D Center planned the program with the assistance of Cochairmen E. N. C. Dalder of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, T. P. Orlando of M.I.T., D. O. Welch of Brookhaven National Laboratory, and numerous other committee members. A. M. Dawson of M.I.T., Chairman of Local Arrangements, and G. M. Fitzgerald, Chairman of Special Events, skillfully managed the joint conference. The contributions of the CEC Board, and particularly its conference chairman, J. L. Smith, Jr. of M.I.T., to the organization of the joint conference are also gratefully acknm.ledged.