Ryszard M. Machnikowski – författare

How have European states responded to the increased risk of terrorism and terror-related threats over the last two pivotal decades? This book examines the antiterrorist approaches, policies and actions of four critical European states: Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Spain from 2005-2023. From “traditional” hard counterterrorist measures, to the “soft” PCVE (preventing and countering violent extremism) approach. Evaluating states’ actions, this book offers the only major exploration, evolution and evaluation of European anti-terrorist “strategy” and its effectiveness.