This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book provides a comprehensive exploration of current theoretical research at the intersection of green technologies, computational intelligence, and sustainable systems design. This book delves into foundational insights, formal models, algorithmic developments, and simulation-based methodologies crucial for understanding intelligent, energy-efficient infrastructures. It covers advances in renewable energy modeling, artificial intelligence for green Internet of Things (IoT), green communication systems, and mathematical modeling within sustainability-driven frameworks. With a computational and systems-oriented perspective, contributors offer detailed examinations of principles enabling next-generation green technology design. Aimed at researchers, academics, and graduate students, this book provides deep insights into theoretical foundations and computational methodologies driving innovation in green and sustainable technologies.

This book provides a comprehensive exploration of current theoretical research at the intersection of green technologies, computational intelligence, and sustainable systems design. This book delves into foundational insights, formal models, algorithmic developments, and simulation-based methodologies crucial for understanding intelligent, energy-efficient infrastructures. It covers advances in renewable energy modeling, artificial intelligence for green Internet of Things (IoT), green communication systems, and mathematical modeling within sustainability-driven frameworks. With a computational and systems-oriented perspective, contributors offer detailed examinations of principles enabling next-generation green technology design. Aimed at researchers, academics, and graduate students, this book provides deep insights into theoretical foundations and computational methodologies driving innovation in green and sustainable technologies.

This second volume in the Green Technologies and Sustainable Intelligence series focuses on practical implementations, case studies, and emerging challenges in the application of sustainable and intelligent systems. Featuring real-world examples across sectors such as smart cities, renewable energy systems, sustainable agriculture, eco-efficient industries, and environmental monitoring, this book demonstrates how cutting-edge technologies can be harnessed to address urgent environmental and societal needs.Emphasizing the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and generative AI, the book explores their use in optimizing decision-making, automating environmental assessments, simulating complex systems, and designing smart, energy-efficient infrastructures aligned with sustainable development goals.In addition to concrete use cases, the book provides critical insight into future challenges—including integration, interoperability, and the socio-ethical dimensions of AI-driven green technologies. It also addresses cross-disciplinary methodologies, policy implications, and long-term strategies for climate adaptation and resource-efficient development.Designed as a key resource for researchers, engineers, practitioners, policymakers, and technology consultants, this book offers actionable knowledge for advancing digital governance, sustainable innovation, and intelligent environmental systems.

This second volume in the Green Technologies and Sustainable Intelligence series focuses on practical implementations, case studies, and emerging challenges in the application of sustainable and intelligent systems. Featuring real-world examples across sectors such as smart cities, renewable energy systems, sustainable agriculture, eco-efficient industries, and environmental monitoring, this book demonstrates how cutting-edge technologies can be harnessed to address urgent environmental and societal needs.Emphasizing the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and generative AI, the book explores their use in optimizing decision-making, automating environmental assessments, simulating complex systems, and designing smart, energy-efficient infrastructures aligned with sustainable development goals.In addition to concrete use cases, the book provides critical insight into future challenges—including integration, interoperability, and the socio-ethical dimensions of AI-driven green technologies. It also addresses cross-disciplinary methodologies, policy implications, and long-term strategies for climate adaptation and resource-efficient development.Designed as a key resource for researchers, engineers, practitioners, policymakers, and technology consultants, this book offers actionable knowledge for advancing digital governance, sustainable innovation, and intelligent environmental systems.

This book presents selected papers from International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Networks (ICAIN 2025), organized by BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, in association with the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, and Universal Inovator on 6–7 October 2025. The topics covered in the book are deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, data science and analytics, cybersecurity and privacy, cloud computing, and wireless and mobile networks.

This book presents selected papers from International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Networks (ICAIN 2025), organized by BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, in association with the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, and Universal Inovator on 6–7 October 2025. The topics covered in the book are deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, data science and analytics, cybersecurity and privacy, cloud computing, and wireless and mobile networks.

This book includes selected papers presented at the International Conference on Data Processing and Networking (ICDPN 2025), organised by Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Near Prague, Czech Republic, during 7–8 November 2025. It covers up-to-date cutting-edge research on big data processing and analytics, data mining and machine learning, artificial intelligence and deep learning, wireless, mobile, and ad hoc networks, network security and privacy, Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor networks, data communication, and computer vision and image processing.

This book includes selected papers presented at the International Conference on Data Processing and Networking (ICDPN 2025), organised by Institute of Technology and Business in Ceské Budejovice, Near Prague, Czech Republic, during 7–8 November 2025. It covers up-to-date cutting-edge research on big data processing and analytics, data mining and machine learning, artificial intelligence and deep learning, wireless, mobile, and ad hoc networks, network security and privacy, Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor networks, data communication, and computer vision and image processing.

This book presents selected papers from International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Networks (ICAIN 2025), organized by BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus in association with the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad and Universal Inovator on 6–7 October 2025. The topics covered in the book are deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, data science and analytics, cybersecurity and privacy, cloud computing, and wireless and mobile networks.

This book presents selected papers from International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Networks (ICAIN 2025), organized by BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus in association with the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad and Universal Inovator on  6–7 October 2025. The topics covered in the book are deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, data science and analytics, cybersecurity and privacy, cloud computing, and wireless and mobile networks.

This book presents selected papers from International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Networks (ICAIN 2025), organized by BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus in association with the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad and Universal Inovator on 6 – 7 October 2025. The topics covered in the book are deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, data science and analytics, cybersecurity and privacy, cloud computing, and wireless and mobile networks.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book includes original unpublished contributions presented at the International Conference on Data Analytics and Management (ICDAM 2025), held at London Metropolitan University, London, UK, during June 2025. The book covers the topics in data analytics, data management, big data, computational intelligence, and communication networks. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry which is useful for young researchers and students. The book is divided into ten volumes.

This book provides a comprehensive exploration of current theoretical research at the intersection of green technologies, computational intelligence, and sustainable systems design. This book delves into foundational insights, formal models, algorithmic developments, and simulation-based methodologies crucial for understanding intelligent, energy-efficient infrastructures. It covers advances in renewable energy modeling, artificial intelligence for green Internet of Things (IoT), green communication systems, and mathematical modeling within sustainability-driven frameworks. With a computational and systems-oriented perspective, contributors offer detailed examinations of principles enabling next-generation green technology design. Aimed at researchers, academics, and graduate students, this book provides deep insights into theoretical foundations and computational methodologies driving innovation in green and sustainable technologies.

This book provides a comprehensive exploration of current theoretical research at the intersection of green technologies, computational intelligence, and sustainable systems design. This book delves into foundational insights, formal models, algorithmic developments, and simulation-based methodologies crucial for understanding intelligent, energy-efficient infrastructures. It covers advances in renewable energy modeling, artificial intelligence for green Internet of Things (IoT), green communication systems, and mathematical modeling within sustainability-driven frameworks. With a computational and systems-oriented perspective, contributors offer detailed examinations of principles enabling next-generation green technology design. Aimed at researchers, academics, and graduate students, this book provides deep insights into theoretical foundations and computational methodologies driving innovation in green and sustainable technologies.

This second volume in the Green Technologies and Sustainable Intelligence series focuses on practical implementations, case studies, and emerging challenges in the application of sustainable and intelligent systems. Featuring real-world examples across sectors such as smart cities, renewable energy systems, sustainable agriculture, eco-efficient industries, and environmental monitoring, this book demonstrates how cutting-edge technologies can be harnessed to address urgent environmental and societal needs.Emphasizing the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and generative AI, the book explores their use in optimizing decision-making, automating environmental assessments, simulating complex systems, and designing smart, energy-efficient infrastructures aligned with sustainable development goals.In addition to concrete use cases, the book provides critical insight into future challenges—including integration, interoperability, and the socio-ethical dimensions of AI-driven green technologies. It also addresses cross-disciplinary methodologies, policy implications, and long-term strategies for climate adaptation and resource-efficient development.Designed as a key resource for researchers, engineers, practitioners, policymakers, and technology consultants, this book offers actionable knowledge for advancing digital governance, sustainable innovation, and intelligent environmental systems.

This second volume in the Green Technologies and Sustainable Intelligence series focuses on practical implementations, case studies, and emerging challenges in the application of sustainable and intelligent systems. Featuring real-world examples across sectors such as smart cities, renewable energy systems, sustainable agriculture, eco-efficient industries, and environmental monitoring, this book demonstrates how cutting-edge technologies can be harnessed to address urgent environmental and societal needs.Emphasizing the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and generative AI, the book explores their use in optimizing decision-making, automating environmental assessments, simulating complex systems, and designing smart, energy-efficient infrastructures aligned with sustainable development goals.In addition to concrete use cases, the book provides critical insight into future challenges—including integration, interoperability, and the socio-ethical dimensions of AI-driven green technologies. It also addresses cross-disciplinary methodologies, policy implications, and long-term strategies for climate adaptation and resource-efficient development.Designed as a key resource for researchers, engineers, practitioners, policymakers, and technology consultants, this book offers actionable knowledge for advancing digital governance, sustainable innovation, and intelligent environmental systems.

This book presents selected papers from International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Networks (ICAIN 2025), organized by BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, in association with the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, and Universal Inovator on 6–7 October 2025. The topics covered in the book are deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, data science and analytics, cybersecurity and privacy, cloud computing, and wireless and mobile networks.

This book presents selected papers from International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Networks (ICAIN 2025), organized by BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, in association with the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, and Universal Inovator on 6–7 October 2025. The topics covered in the book are deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, data science and analytics, cybersecurity and privacy, cloud computing, and wireless and mobile networks.

This book includes selected papers presented at the International Conference on Data Processing and Networking (ICDPN 2025), organised by Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Near Prague, Czech Republic, during 7–8 November 2025. It covers up-to-date cutting-edge research on big data processing and analytics, data mining and machine learning, artificial intelligence and deep learning, wireless, mobile, and ad hoc networks, network security and privacy, Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor networks, data communication, and computer vision and image processing.

This book includes selected papers presented at the International Conference on Data Processing and Networking (ICDPN 2025), organised by Institute of Technology and Business in Ceské Budejovice, Near Prague, Czech Republic, during 7–8 November 2025. It covers up-to-date cutting-edge research on big data processing and analytics, data mining and machine learning, artificial intelligence and deep learning, wireless, mobile, and ad hoc networks, network security and privacy, Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor networks, data communication, and computer vision and image processing.

This book presents selected papers from International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Networks (ICAIN 2025), organized by BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus in association with the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad and Universal Inovator on 6–7 October 2025. The topics covered in the book are deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, data science and analytics, cybersecurity and privacy, cloud computing, and wireless and mobile networks.

This book presents selected papers from International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Networks (ICAIN 2025), organized by BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus in association with the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad and Universal Inovator on  6–7 October 2025. The topics covered in the book are deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, data science and analytics, cybersecurity and privacy, cloud computing, and wireless and mobile networks.

This book presents selected papers from International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Networks (ICAIN 2025), organized by BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus in association with the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad and Universal Inovator on 6 – 7 October 2025. The topics covered in the book are deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, data science and analytics, cybersecurity and privacy, cloud computing, and wireless and mobile networks.