Shahdad Naghshpour – författare

A unique and major contribution to the scholarly and policy debate on American foreign and economic policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran. A volume that will be of interest to scholars and policy makers who struggle to understand the complex rivalry between these two nations and wish to analyze the Iranian/American relationship since 1979. Authors frame the conflicted relationship between Iran and the United States as a low intensity conflict, embodying elements of superpower gamesmanship, insurgent tactics and economic warfare. Revolutionary Iran and the United States is unique in its approach by exploring how diplomatic, military, and economic weapons are employed to bolster each nation's strategic and tactical advantage. This analysis encompasses the political, military, and economic facets of the rivalry.

A unique and major contribution to the scholarly and policy debate on American foreign and economic policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran. A volume that will be of interest to scholars and policy makers who struggle to understand the complex rivalry between these two nations and wish to analyze the Iranian/American relationship since 1979. Authors frame the conflicted relationship between Iran and the United States as a low intensity conflict, embodying elements of superpower gamesmanship, insurgent tactics and economic warfare. Revolutionary Iran and the United States is unique in its approach by exploring how diplomatic, military, and economic weapons are employed to bolster each nation''s strategic and tactical advantage. This analysis encompasses the political, military, and economic facets of the rivalry.

A unique and major contribution to the scholarly and policy debate on American foreign and economic policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran. A volume that will be of interest to scholars and policy makers who struggle to understand the complex rivalry between these two nations and wish to analyze the Iranian/American relationship since 1979. Authors frame the conflicted relationship between Iran and the United States as a low intensity conflict, embodying elements of superpower gamesmanship, insurgent tactics and economic warfare. Revolutionary Iran and the United States is unique in its approach by exploring how diplomatic, military, and economic weapons are employed to bolster each nation''s strategic and tactical advantage. This analysis encompasses the political, military, and economic facets of the rivalry.

Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with real-life problems. As such, it is an essential tool for economists. Unfortunately, the way you and many other economists learn the concept of statistics is not compatible with the way economists think and learn. The problem is worsened by the use of mathematical jargon and complex derivations. Here’s a book that proves none of this is necessary. All the examples and exercises in this book are constructed within the field of economics, thus eliminating the difficulty of learning statistics with examples from fields that have no relation to business, politics, or policy. Statistics is, in fact, not more difficult than economics. Anyone who can comprehend economics can understand and use statistics successfully within this field, including you! This book utilizes Microsoft Excel to obtain statistical results, as well as to perform additional necessary computations. Microsoft Excel is not the software of choice for performing sophisticated statistical analysis. However, it is widely available, and almost everyone has some degree of familiarity with it. Using Excel will eliminate the need for students and readers to buy and learn new software, the need that itself would prove to be another impediment to learning and using statistics.

Regression analysis is the most commonly used statistical method in the world. Although few would characterize this technique as simple, regression is in fact both simple and elegant. The complexity that many attribute to regression analysis is often a reflection of their lack of familiarity with the language of mathematics. But regression analysis can be understood even without a mastery of sophisticated mathematical concepts. This book provides the foundation and will help demystify regression analysis using examples from economics and with real data to show the applications of the method. The concepts related to regression analysis are explained in a way that is comprehensible to those whose mathematical skills are not matching that of the expert level, and uses Microsoft Excel to obtain regression results. What hinders peoples’ comprehension of regression analysis is the difficulty many have in understanding mathematical symbols and derivations. By removing this obstacle, this book enables the logical reader to learn regression without possessing superior mathematical skills.

Understanding the role of money in the economy is essential for comprehending the complex intricacies of modern economics. Money and its value is an essential medium through which government policies are implemented to change the course of the economy. However, before attempting to comprehend these complex mechanisms it is necessary to understand the role of money.

This book defines money and its value. It clarifies, in simple and clear terms, why money is demanded, what factors affect the demand for money, and what the different theories are that explain why people demand money. Next, it explains how money is created, which involves more than just printing money. Finally, the text addresses financial institutions, which are the brokers of the monetary system. The role financial institutions play in impacting the supply of the money and how they facilitate the flow of goods and services through different sectors are discussed. The discussion is focused on the theory of equilibrium in the market for goods, services and the money market.

It is impossible to comprehend what policies the government should undertake to face the economic reality of the country. Every day we are exposed to a barrage of recommendations and mandates from the left and the right concerning what would be the appropriate course of action (or lack thereof) in order to nullify economic ills or to bring prosperity to the country. But what you and everyone needs is a fundamental basic knowledge of money. This book provides just that. It provides the necessary understanding of money and many of its functions, roles, and uses in economic theories. These theories are essential for the formulation of fiscal and monetary policies. And it is important to understand the meaning of money and be able to differentiate between basic concepts such as consumption, savings, capital, and investment. Would it make any difference, to the overall function of the economy, earnings, employment, etc., if a given sum of money is spent by an individual, a small business, a corporation, or the government? Is it good for the country if people spend money or is it better if they save it? Would it make a difference if spending originates from printing money or citizens’ savings? The answer to these and many other economic questions are at the heart of the fiscal and monetary policy that every government grapples with every day. After reading this book you will be ready to understand fiscal and monetary policies, tools, and their effectiveness.

Undoubtedly, what happens to the economy affects the lives of the citizens of a country, and often the lives of people in other countries around the globe. In addition to natural disasters two things affect the economy more than anything else: monetary and fiscal policies. Fiscal policy and monetary policy represent forms of government intervention to influence market performance. Fiscal policy relates to government spending and revenue collection; monetary policy relates to the supply of money, which is controlled by factors such as reserve requirements and interest rates.

If there were a universally accepted set of rules that prescribe appropriate actions to bring and sustain prosperity to the economy the study of economics would have been a positive science, as opposed to a collection of normative beliefs. The study of these policies is normative in nature because fiscal and monetary policies do not necessarily impact everyone equally or in the same way. In other words not everybody loses or gains equally as the result of fiscal and monetary policies. Nevertheless, there are non-normative economic theories that explain the expected outcome of specific fiscal or monetary policies. The economists that advocate for fiscal or monetary policies generally agree on the economic consequences produced by each policy when implemented. What differentiates the economists is the degree to which they believe in the effectiveness of the policy, their ability to know the extent of the need that it is intended to address, the proper amount of intervention required in order to effect the desired correction, and the length of the time it would take to see the consequence of the policy.

This book covers fiscal policy. It is part of a projected two volume set covering fiscal and monetary policies. The two volumes will be written to be complimentary to but independent of each other.

Undoubtedly, what happens to the economy affects the lives of the citizens of a country, and often the lives of people in other countries around the globe. In addition to natural disasters two things affect the economy more than anything else: monetary and fiscal policies. Fiscal policy and monetary policy represent forms of government intervention to influence market performance. Fiscal policy relates to government spending and revenue collection; monetary policy relates to the supply of money, which is controlled by factors such as reserve requirements and interest rates. If there were a universally accepted set of rules that prescribe appropriate actions to bring and sustain prosperity to the economy the study of economics would have been a positive science, as opposed to a collection of normative beliefs. The study of these policies is normative in nature because fiscal and monetary policies do not necessarily impact everyone equally or in the same way. In other words not everybody loses or gains equally as the result of fiscal and monetary policies. Nevertheless, there are non-normative economic theories that explain the expected outcome of specific fiscal or monetary policies.The economists that advocate for fiscal or monetary policies generally agree on the economic consequences produced by each policy when implemented. What differentiates the economists is the degree to which they believe in the effectiveness of the policy, their ability to know the extent of the need that it is intended to address, the proper amount of intervention required in order to effect the desired correction, and the length of the time it would take to see the consequence of the policy.This book covers fiscal policy. It is part of a projected two volume set covering fiscal and monetary policies. The two volumes will be written to be complimentary to but independent of each other.

The majority of economists would admit thatmoney is powerful and that changes in moneywill impact the economy. Monetary theory analyzesand determines how changes in the supplyof money affect the economy.This book details the collection of policiesthat use monetary tools known as monetarypolicy. For example, the main monetary authorityof a country is its central bank. In the UnitedStates it is called the Federal Reserve Bank System(Fed), which is a federation of 12 FederalReserve Banks. The Fed is responsible for initiatingprinting of money, monitoring the interestrate, and controlling the supply of money inthe economy. Monetary authorities are shieldedfrom executive branch interference by serving14-year terms. This allows them to act withoutworrying about political fallout or fear of losingtheir jobs. The ability to work and functionindependently from political pressure has beenused to claim that the supply of money is exogenous.Inside this authoritative text, the authorgives real insight to the IS-LM Framework(Investment Saving-Liquidity Preference MoneySupply) and the effects on our economy.

Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with real life problems. As such, it is an essential tool for economists. Unfortunately, the way the concept is introduced to students is not compatible with the way economists think and learn. The problem is worsened by the use of mathematical jargon and complex derivations. However, as this book demonstrates, neither is necessary. The book is written in simple English with minimal use of symbols, mostly for the sake of brevity and to make reading literature more meaningful. The second edition also incorporates Stata software for use by more technically oriented readers who have access to sophisticated software.The objective of this book is to address the fundamentals of statistical analysis in a simple and easy-to-comprehend way. Instead of covering numerous topics, the book covers interrelated subjects that are necessary for the comprehension of the presented topics. The second edition has augmented the explanations in the first to clarify the subjects even more. The examples are based on economic theory utilizing actual data. The hope is that the use of theory will prove useful in relating the subject to actual empirical applications and help with research.

Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with real life problems. As such, it is an essential tool for economists. Unfortunately, the way the concept is introduced to students is not compatible with the way economists think and learn. The problem is worsened by the use of mathematical jargon and complex derivations. However, as this book demonstrates, neither is necessary. The book is written in simple English with minimal use of symbols, mostly for the sake of brevity and to make reading literature more meaningful. The second edition also incorporates Stata software for use by more technically oriented readers who have access to sophisticated software. The objective of this book is to address the fundamentals of statistical analysis in a simple and easy-to-comprehend way. Instead of covering numerous topics, the book covers interrelated subjects that are necessary for the comprehension of the presented topics. The second edition has augmented the explanations in the first to clarify the subjects even more. The examples are based on economic theory utilizing actual data. The hope is that the use of theory will prove useful in relating the subject to actual empirical applications and help with research.

There are several powerful statistical analysis software, such as Stata, SAS, and a host of other packages with different levels of elegance, completeness, and support. Preferred is Stata because of its extensive contributions from its users and reliable technical support. I will add Stata commands to perform all the examples of the book. The commands are simple and quick to run. I will provide an appendix with the list of the commands used in the manuscript, their syntax, and a brief description of the output they create.Updated data for all the examples using the most recent available data. Provide the solutions in Excel and Stata and explain the meanings of the output to reinforce the subject and allow users to have another set of examples using another real-life data. Increased graphical representations to reinforce and clarify the concept.

Regression analysis can be used to establish causal relationships between factors and the response variable. However, in order to be able to do so, economic theory must be used to provide the causal relationship and then regression analysis is applied to verify the validity of the theory. Regression analysis is the most commonly used analytical tool and can be understood without complex mathematics.  This book simplifies and demystifies regression analysis. All the examples are from economics and in almost all the cases, real data is used to show the application of the method. By limiting the use of mathematical symbols, the author enables a logical reader to learn regression, without shortchanging the subject.  The book is targeted to all business students and executives who need to understand the concept of regression for practical and professional purposes.

Nonparametric statistics provide a scientific methodology for cases where customary statistics are not applicable. Nonparametric statistics are used when the requirements for parametric analysis fail, such as when data are not normally distributed or the sample size is too small. The method provides an alternative for such cases and is often nearly as powerful as parametric statistics. Another advantage of nonparametric statistics is that it offers analytical methods that are not available otherwise. Nonparametric methods are intuitive and simple to comprehend, which helps researchers in the social sciences understand the methods in spite of lacking mathematical rigor needed in analytical methods customarily used in science. This book is a methodology book and bypasses theoretical proofs while providing comprehensive explanations of the logic behind the methods and ample examples, which are all solved using direct computations as well as by using Stata. It is arranged into two integrated volumes. Although each volume, and for that matter each chapter, can be used separately, it is advisable to read as much of both volumes as possible; because familiarity with what is applicable for different problems will enhance capabilities.

Nonparametric statistics provide a scientific methodology for cases where customary statistics are not applicable. Nonparametric statistics are used when the requirements for parametric analysis fail, such as when data are not normally distributed or the sample size is too small. The method provides an alternative for such cases and is often nearly as powerful as parametric statistics. Another advantage of nonparametric statistics is that it offers analytical methods that are not available otherwise. Nonparametric methods are intuitive and simple to comprehend, which helps researchers in the social sciences understand the methods in spite of lacking mathematical rigor needed in analytical methods customarily used in science. This book is a methodology book and bypasses theoretical proofs while providing comprehensive explanations of the logic behind the methods and ample examples, which are all solved using direct computations as well as by using Stata. It is arranged into two integrated volumes. Although each volume, and for that matter each chapter, can be used separately, it is advisable to read as much of both volumes as possible; because familiarity with what is applicable for different problems will enhance capabilities.

Nonparametric statistics provide a scientific methodology for cases where customary statistics are not applicable. Nonparametric statistics are used when the requirements for parametric analysis fail, such as when data are not normally distributed or the sample size is too small. The method provides an alternative for such cases and is often nearly as powerful as parametric statistics. Another advantage of nonparametric statistics is that it offers analytical methods that are not available otherwise. Nonparametric methods are intuitive and simple to comprehend, which helps researchers in the social sciences understand the methods in spite of lacking mathematical rigor needed in analytical methods customarily used in science. This book is a methodology book and bypasses theoretical proofs while providing comprehensive explanations of the logic behind the methods and ample examples, which are all solved using direct computations as well as by using Stata. It is arranged into two integrated volumes. Although each volume, and for that matter each chapter, can be used separately, it is advisable to read as much of both volumes as possible; because familiarity with what is applicable for different problems will enhance capabilities.