Shifra Shvarts – författare

Ringworm and Irradiation: The Historical, Medical, and Legal Implications of the Forgotten Epidemic explores the history of the disease and the use of irradiation for the treatment of ringworm, an epidemic that was spread mainly among poor children in countries across the world in the first half of the 20th century.At its peak in the 1940 and 50s, children around the globe were treated with radiation therapy to prevent and eradicate ringworm of the scalp, a treatment that led years later to latent health risk to develop tumors, malignancies, thyroid cancer, brain tumors, and other health effects among the exposed population. The actions taken by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the US Food and Drug Administration to launch a nationwide campaign warning the public, and thus the medical community, about the late health effects of ionizing radiation received in childhood are evidenced in this compilation.

The first study to research the history of the health funds established by Jewish laborers in Israel.The history of Kupat Holim, the health organization of workers in Israel, began at the 2nd Convention of Jewish agricultural workers in Judea in December 1911. Due to the lack of health services within the economic means of the workers, and the refusal of the farmer-employers to extend health services to their employees, the Jewish agricultural workers in Eretz-Israel -- at that time, a distant province of the far-flung Ottoman empire -- decided to establish a workers' health fund [kupat holim in Hebrew]. In the years 1912-15, two funds similar to the ones in Judea were also established in the north and center of the country. In the first years, the health funds did not provide workers with medical assistance on their own. Only in 1913, with the outbreak of the First World War, were the health funds transformed from insuring organizations into ones that provided medical assistance services themselves.With the establishment of the General Federation of Labor [1920], the health funds were amalgamated into a single organization -- the Federation's Kupat Holim [1921]. The unification of Kupat Holim ultimately determined theorganization's future -- transforming it from a small, local, temporary body with a few dozen members into a national entity and a key factor in health services in Israel to this day. This volume seeks to describe the growth of Kupat Holim up to the point where it was transformed into a central health organization in Israel; its relationship with its parent-organization, the General Federation of Labor and its rivalry with its competitor in the health field, Hadassah; its evolution from an organization solely for laborers to one open to all; the efforts on the part of Kupat Holim during the British Mandate [1918-1948] to bring about legislation for a compulsory health insurance law; and the formulation of the basic principle that underlie the work of Kupit Holim to this day -- the principle of national and social responsibility for the provision of equal health services to all.Dr. Shifra Shvarts is the head of the Health Systems Management Department of the Faculty of Health Sciences and School of Management at Ben-Gurion University.