Smith – författare

Living organisms are astonishingly complex. And the more we know about them - their biochemistry, their anatomy, their behaviour - the more astonishing are the detailed adaptations that we discover. How could this complexity have arisen? Most of us are familiar with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The idea behind it being that, in nature, those individuals best able to survive and reproduce will transmit the characteristics that enabled them to do so to their offspring, leading to the evolution of traits beneficial to the organism. Although Darwin's idea is simple - perhaps because it is so simple - it is hard to believe that it is able to explain the complexity of the living world. We can breed cows that produce more milk compared with earlier generations, say, but we cannot breed pigs that fly, or horses that can talk: there would be no promising variants that we could select and breed from. Where, then, does the variation come from that has made possible the evolution of ever-increasing complexity in the wonderfully adapted organisms we see around us? In answering this central question, John Maynard Smith and Eors Szathmary present for a general readership a novel picture of evolution. Their basic idea is that evolution depends on changes in the information that is passed between generations, and that there have been a number of 'major transitions' in the way that information is stored and transmitted. These transitions include the appearance of the first replicating molecules - the origin of life itself; the origin of cells; reproduction by sexual means; the appearance of multicellular plants and animals; the emergence of cooperation and of animal societies; and the unique language ability of humans.Here, then, is an accessible account of contemporary biology on the grandest scale, from the birth of life to the origin of language. Containing many original ideas, and covering many of the most fundamental ideas in biology, this important and deeply interesting book will appeal both to readers with little prior knowledge of science and to biologists themselves.

This text is intended for the one-term course in data structures with the following prerequisites: mastery of a high-level programming language, preferably Pascal, and finite or discrete mathematics. Each basic concept is introduced first through numerous examples and followed by advanced material allowing maximum flexibility in structuring the course. Through the use of data structures, the author has included coverage of the following related topics: recursion, pattern recognition, and dynamic programming. Extensive examples, over 300 exercises, 400 figures and tables, and 80 working algorithms contribute to student learning.

Embodiment--defined as having, being in, or being associated with a body--is a feature of the existence of many entities, perhaps even of all entities. Why entities should find themselves in this condition is the central concern of the present volume. The problem includes, but also goes beyond, the philosophical problem of body: that is, what the essence of a body is, and how, if at all, it differs from matter. On some understandings there may exist bodies, such as stones or asteroids, that are not the bodies of any particular subjects. To speak of embodiment by contrast is always to speak of a subject that variously inhabits, or captains, or is coextensive with, or even is imprisoned within, a body. The subject may in the end be identical to, or an emergent product of, the body. That is, a materialist account of embodied subjects may be the correct one. But insofar as there is a philosophical problem of embodiment, the identity of the embodied subject with the body stands in need of an argument and cannot simply be assumed. The reasons, nature, and consequences of the embodiment of subjects as conceived in the long history of philosophy in Europe as well as in the broader Mediterranean region and in South and East Asia, with forays into religion, art, medicine, and other domains of culture, form the focus of these essays. More precisely, the contributors to this volume shine light on a number of questions that have driven reflection on embodiment throughout the history of philosophy. What is the historical and conceptual relationship between the idea of embodiment and the idea of subjecthood? Am I who I am principally in virtue of the fact that I have the body I have? Relatedly, what is the relationship of embodiment to being and to individuality? Is embodiment a necessary condition of being? Of being an individual? What are the theological dimensions of embodiment? To what extent has the concept of embodiment been deployed in the history of philosophy to contrast the created world with the state of existence enjoyed by God? What are the normative dimensions of theories of embodiment? To what extent is the problem of embodiment a distinctly western preoccupation? Is it the result of a particular local and contingent history, or does it impose itself as a universal problem, wherever and whenever human beings begin to reflect on the conditions of their existence? Ultimately, to what extent can natural science help us to resolve philosophical questions about embodiment, many of which are vastly older than the particular scientific research programs we now believe to hold the greatest promise for revealing to us the bodily basis, or the ultimate physical causes, of who we really are?

This book is intended for students of computational linguistics.

Sex and Revolution examines the way three decades of the Cuban Revolution transformed the lives of women in Cuba, It is a study in one nation's effort to conceptualize prioritize and implement sexual equality, and offers an assessment of the successes and failures of that process.

Socrates, as he is portrayed in Plato's early dialogues, remains one of the most controversial figures in the history of philosophy. This book concerns six of the most vexing and often discussed features of Plato's portrayal: Socrates' methodology, epistemology, psychology, ethics, politics, and religion. Brickhouse and Smith cast new light on Plato's early dialogues by providing novel analyses of many of the doctrines and practices for which Socrates is best known. Included are discussions of Socrates' moral method, his profession of ignorance, his denial of akrasia, as well as his views about the relationship between virtue and happiness, the authority of the State, and the epistemic status of his daimonion. By revealing the many interconnections among Socrates' views on a wide variety of topics, this book demonstrates both the richness and the remarkable coherence of the philosophy of Plato's Socrates.

This book provides a sophisticated new interdisciplinary interpretation of the formulation and evolution of African American religion and culture. Theophus Smith argues for the central importance of "conjure"--a magical means of transforming reality--in black spirituality and culture. Smith shows that the Bible, the sacred text of Western civilization, has in fact functioned as a magical formulary for African Americans. Going back to slave religion, and continuing in black folk practice and literature to the present day, the Bible has provided African Americans with ritual prescriptions for prophetically re-envisioning, and thereby transforming, their history and culture. In effect the Bible is a "conjure book" for prescribing cures and curses, and for invoking extraordinary and Divine powers to effect changes in the conditions of human existence--and to bring about justice and freedom. Biblical themes, symbols, and figures like Moses, the Exodus, the Promised Land, and the Suffering Servant, as deployed by African Americans, have crucially formed and reformed not only black culture, but American society as a whole. Smith examines not only the religious and political uses of conjure, but its influence on black aesthetics, in music, drama, folklore, and literature. The concept of conjure, he shows, is at the heart of an indigenous and still vital spirituality, with exciting implications for reconfiguring the next generation of black studies and black theology. Even more braodly, Smith proposes, "conjuring culture" can function as a new paradigm for understanding Western religious and cultural phenomena generally.

This is the first work to collect in one place all the ancient sources on Socrates' death as well as recent scholarly views. Outside of the Republic, the most widely read of Plato's dialogues are the three that cover the trial of Socrates: the Euthyphro, the Apology, and the Crito. This collection includes these three dialogues, the death scenes from the Phaedo, and all the other major ancient sources that shed light on Socrates' trial and execution. The editors have also included the best recent scholarship on this philosophically and historically momentous event.

Ever since the Supreme Court began enforcing the First Amendment's religion clauses in the 1940s, courts and scholars have tried to distil the meaning of those clauses into a useable principle of religious freedom. In this highly original work, Smith criticizes the main positions in the debate and explains their misconceptions. He argues that efforts to find a principle of religious freedom in the "original meaning" are fruitless because the clauses were purely jurisdictional in nature: they were meant to place authority over questions of religion with the states, and nothing more. Contending that the perennial quest to distil religious freedom into a "principle," is futile, Smith advocates a fundamental reassessment of the premises upon which courts have proceeded in this area.

This book offers a defence of the tensed theory of time, a critique of the New Theory of Reference, and an argument that simultaneity is absolute. Although Smith rejects ordinary language philosophy, he shows how it is possible to argue from the nature of language to the nature of reality. Specifically, he argues that semantic properties of tensed sentences are best explained by the hypothesis that they ascribe to events temporal properties of futurity, presentness, or pastness and do not merely ascribe relations of earlier than or simultaneity. He criticizes the New Theory of Reference, which holds that "now" refers directly to a time and does not ascribe the property of presentness. Smith does not adopt the old or Fregean theory of reference but develops a third alternative, based on his detailed theory of de re and de dicto propositions and a theory of cognitive significance. He concludes the book with a lengthy critique of Einstein's theory of time. Smith offers a positive argument for absolute simultaneity based on his theory that all propositions exist in time. He shows how Einstein's relativist temporal concepts are reducible to a conjunction of absolutist temporal concepts and relativist nontemporal concepts of the observable behavior of light rays, rigid bodies, and the like.

Reimagining Indians investigates a group of Anglo-American writers whose books about Native Americans helped reshape Americans' understanding of Indian peoples at the turn of the twentieth century. Hailing from the Eastern United States, these men and women travelled to the American West and discovered "exotics" in their midst. Drawn to Indian cultures as alternatives to what they found distasteful about modern American culture, these writers produced a body of work that celebrates Indian cultures, religions, artistry, and simple humanity.Although these writers were not academically trained ethnographists, their books represent popular versions of ethnography. In revealing their own doubts about the superiority of European-American culture, they sought to provide a favourable climate for Indian cultural survival in a world indisputably dominated by non-Indians. They also encouraged notions of cultural relativism, pluralism, and tolerance in American thought. For the historian and general reader alike, this volume speaks to broad themes of American cultural history, Native American history, and the history of the American West.

Democracy in Latin America examines the processes of democratization in Latin America over the past twenty years. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the issues inherent in the move toward democracy-including elections, culture, representation, poverty, and criminality. Organized thematically, with a unique historical perspective, the book focuses on six paradigmatic case studies in the region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.

For centuries, scholars have argued that envy is the source of much aggressive behavior as well as the root cause of much unhappiness, but it is only recently that there have been attempts to examine the emotion from an empirical perspective. This book is the first of its kind to offer a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on envy provided by scholars from a range of disciplines. The first section of the book focuses on the rich theological, philosophical, and evolutionary foundations of scholarly thinking on envy. The second section covers the social psychological work on envy and includes chapters on social comparison processes, definitional challenges, the link between envy and schadenfreude, intergroup envy, and fear of envy. The third section covers research on envy from organizational psychology, experimental economics, marketing, neuroscience, and anthropology. The fourth section focuses on the implications of understanding envy for physical and mental health with chapters on psychoanalytic conceptions of envy, health psychology, and the challenges of coping with envy. A final chapter consists of reflective comments on all the chapters and brings together recurring themes and makes suggestions for future research on envy.

This book offers a radically new account of the rich and varied culture of contemporary Spain. It focuses on three intellectuals who chronicle contemporary life (including journalist Francisco Umbral); three filmmakers who engage with the many nationalisms of the Spanish state (Victor Erice, Bigas Luna, and Julio Medem); and three crucial topics that are expressed in many media (the replaying of history, the rise and fall of the city, and the practice of everyday life). Ranging from the ethnographic photography of Cristina García Rodero to the high tech architecture of Santiago Calatrava and from the hyperrealist painting of Antonio López to the neo-flamenco dance of Joaquín Cortés, this book is also the first to draw on theorists of the intellectual field, the production of space, and the arts of bricolage (Pierre Bourdieu, Henri Lefebvre, and Michel de Certeau). Refuting the charge that contemporary Spanish culture is trivial or superficial, this book argues that it is fully engaged in the aesthetic and historical project of modernity.

Peter Warlock (Philip Heseltine) is one of the most fascinating and enigmatic of twentieth-century British composers. He was by turns a sensitive songwriter of remarkable genius, a witty and caustic critic, a rare scholar of early music, and a friend of some of the leading figures of the day - including William Walton, Jacob Epstein, and D. H. Lawrence. This is a complete account of this mercurial musician. Barry Smith uses new and often controversial material in telling his real, and frequently outrageous story. Here is the man, the composer, writer, and scholar, from his dangerous involvement in the occult to his long-lasting loves and hates - all of which ended by his own hand in a gas-filled London flat on a cold winter's morning in 1930.

This final volume of Charlotte Brontë's letters covers the period from 1852, when she eventually completed Villette, to March 1855, when she died at the early age of 38. Published in January 1853, Villette reflects experiences and moods conveyed with sharp immediacy in the correspondence of the preceding years. In December 1852 one of her most dramatic letters described the crucial event in her private life: Arthur Nicholls's proposal of marriage, when, 'shaking from head to foot' he made her feel 'what it costs a man to declare affection where he doubts response.' Mr Brontë's furious opposition to the match was not overcome until 1854, the year of Charlotte's marriage on 29 June. In the all too few months before her death, she came to love and trust Nicholls, her 'dear boy' and her 'tenderest nurse' during her final illness.The letters in this volume include on the one hand Charlotte's brief curt note to George Smith on his engagement to Elizabeth Blakeway, and on the other a newly discovered letter describing with cheerful briskness Charlotte's purchase of her own wedding trousseau. Complete texts of letters previously published inaccurately or in part provide valuable insight into her other friendships. Those to Elizabeth Gaskell in particular have an important bearing on our interpretation and assessment of her Life of Charlotte, published early in 1857; and the inclusion of Harriet Martineau's angry comments on the Life ('Hallucination!' [Friendship] was never attained.') enhances our understanding of Charlotte's break with Martineau after her review of Villette. The redating of a letter has shown that the long estrangement between Charlotte and her oldest friend, Ellen Nussey, caused by Ellen's hostility to the idea of Charlotte's marriage with Nicholls, lasted without a break from July 1853 until late February 1854. The volume includes some of the touching notes from Charlotte's bereaved husband and father, written in response to condolences on her death. Mrs Gaskell's graphic account of her visit to Haworth in 1853 forms one of the appendices; others provide the texts of fragmentary letters, identify known forgeries, and list addenda and corrigenda for volumes 1 and 2.

With the end of the post-war boom in the early 1970s, the world economy has experienced large scale unemployment. From an assumption that the unemployment problem had been solved, and that full employment could be maintained through demand management techniques, we now live in an entirely different world. Any suggestion of a return to full employment is met with questions of whether such a thing is possible, whether it would not lead to inflation or to excessive trade union power, or in the case of individual economies to unsustainable balance of payment deficits.The contributors to this volume ask whether full employment policies would be affordable. Would they lead to yawning fiscal deficits which would in the end require a U-turn in policy with unemployment reappearing? This well-informed and original contribution to current policy debate faces up to these questions and considers what would be involved in a move to much lower levels of unemployment.

This book is about the processes of innovation at the global, national, and corporate levels. It explores the contexts, complexities, and contradictions of innovation from a range of disciplinary perspectives and is divided into three main sections. In the first on Globalization and Technology, international contributors explore the links between changing systems of production and competitiveness; the impact of new technology and innovation on international labour markets; and the innovation practices of global firms. In the section on Innovation and Growth, a close look is taken at the innovation decisions and activities of individual firms. The evidence in these chapters challenges many assumptions about the nature of competitive behaviour and the co-operative links between firms. In the section on Governance, Business Performance, and Public Policy, the contributors examine the relationship between governance systems and firms' innovation strategies and decisions, assessing the capabilities and characteristics of different models of capitalism. The book concludes with a discussion of the most effective approach to industrial policy in the 'innovative economy'. Interdisciplinary and international in its scope this book provides important evidence and arguments on the processes of innovation and in so doing addresses real challenges for policy-makers, managers, and academics alike.

STP Caribbean Mathematics Book 1 has been revised and updated to address the demands of mathematics syllabuses in the region and provide students with a firm foundation for success at CSEC®. STP Caribbean Mathematics makes mathematics relevant for students by providing real-life context and plenty of opportunity to practise key mathematical skills and concepts. It introduces topics in a clear, accessible and thorough manner - and its focus on the core aspects of mathematics help to reinforce the textbook's accuracy and rigour. This title also includes answers to all the activities.

STP Caribbean Mathematics Book 1 has been revised and updated to address the demands of mathematics syllabuses in the region and provide students with a firm foundation for success at CSEC®. STP Caribbean Mathematics makes mathematics relevant for students by providing real-life context and plenty of opportunity to practise key mathematical skills and concepts. It introduces topics in a clear, accessible and thorough manner - and its focus on the core aspects of mathematics help to reinforce the textbook''s accuracy and rigour. This title also includes answers to all the activities.

STP Caribbean Mathematics has been revised and updated to address the demands of mathematics syllabuses in the region and provide students with a firm foundation for success at CSEC®. Workbook 1 in this series is for use alongside STP Caribbean Mathematics Book 1, and offers students opportunities to practise key mathematical skills and concepts. Its focus on practicing the core aspects of mathematics helps to reinforce students' knowledge and understanding. Workbook 1 also includes answers to the activities.

STP Caribbean Mathematics - Book 2 has been revised and updated to address the demands of mathematics syllabuses in the region and provide students with a firm foundation for success at CSEC®. STP Caribbean Mathematics makes mathematics relevant for students by providing real-life context and plenty of opportunity to practise key mathematical skills and concepts. It introduces topics in a clear, accessible and thorough manner - and its focus on the core aspects of mathematics helps to reinforce the textbook's accuracy and rigour. This title also includes answers to all the activities.

STP Caribbean Mathematics Book 1 has been revised and updated to address the demands of mathematics syllabuses in the region and provide students with a firm foundation for success at CSEC®. STP Caribbean Mathematics makes mathematics relevant for students by providing real-life context and plenty of opportunity to practise key mathematical skills and concepts. It introduces topics in a clear, accessible and thorough manner - and its focus on the core aspects of mathematics help to reinforce the textbook''s accuracy and rigour. This title also includes answers to all the activities.

STP Caribbean Mathematics has been revised and updated to address the demands of mathematics syllabuses in the region and provide students with a firm foundation for success at CSEC®. Workbook 2 in this series is for use alongside STP Caribbean Mathematics Book 2, and offers students opportunities to practise key mathematical skills and concepts. Its focus on practicing the core aspects of mathematics helps to reinforce students' knowledge and understanding. Workbook 2 also includes answers to the activities.

STP Caribbean Mathematics Book 3 has been revised and updated to address the demands of mathematics syllabuses in the region and provide students with a firm foundation for success at CSEC®. STP Caribbean Mathematics makes mathematics relevant for students by providing real-life context and plenty of opportunity to practise key mathematical skills and concepts. It introduces topics in a clear, accessible and thorough manner - and its focus on the core aspects of mathematics helps to reinforce the textbook's accuracy and rigour. This title also includes answers to all the activities.

STP Caribbean Mathematics Book 1 has been revised and updated to address the demands of mathematics syllabuses in the region and provide students with a firm foundation for success at CSEC®. STP Caribbean Mathematics makes mathematics relevant for students by providing real-life context and plenty of opportunity to practise key mathematical skills and concepts. It introduces topics in a clear, accessible and thorough manner - and its focus on the core aspects of mathematics help to reinforce the textbook''s accuracy and rigour. This title also includes answers to all the activities.