Stanley Milgram – författare

Volunteers are invited to a scientific laboratory under the pretence of participating in a study about the effects of punishment on learning. They are instructed by an experimenter to administer an electric shock of increasing intensity every time a 'learner', strapped to an electric conductor, makes a mistake. How many, if any, would go right up the scale to 450 Volts? The implications of Stanley Milgram's extraordinary findings (up to 65 per cent of subjects administered the full shock) are devastating. From the Holocaust to Vietnam and Iraq, "Obedience to Authority" goes some way towards explaining how ordinary people can commit the most horrific of crimes if placed under the influence of a malevolent authority. This title is presented with a new foreword by Jerome Bruner.

In the 1960s, Stanley Milgram carried out a series of experiments in which human subjects were given progressively more painful electro-shocks in a careful calibrated series to determine to what extent people will obey orders even when they knew them to be painful and immoral - to determine how people will obey authority regardless of consequences. These experiments came under heavy criticism at the time but have ultimately been vindicated by the scientific community. This book is Milgram's vivid and persuasive explanation of his methods.

Stanley Milgram revolutionized our understanding of human nature with his classic research on obedience to authority – but the obedience experiments form just a small part of an extraordinary wealth of ground-breaking research that made him one of the most important social psychologists of our times.By the time the first edition of The Individual in a Social World appeared in 1977, Milgram had moved beyond obedience to other innovative research, such as the psychology of city life, the small world phenomenon (also known as ‘six degrees of separation’), mental maps of cities, the lost-letter technique, the familiar stranger, as well as a large-scale experiment on media influence, which is still unique to the present day. In 1992, a second, posthumous edition appeared containing additional articles which Milgram had written after the first edition.This third, expanded edition of The Individual in a Social World combines articles that appeared in both of the earlier editions as well as previously uncollected material. Among the latter is, for example, an article in which Milgram provides a perspective on the Jonestown massacre and then uses it as a stepping stone for a ringing affirmation of the power of situational determinants of behavior. Another article, ‘The Social Meaning of Fanaticism,’ is almost uncanny in its relevance to our times, despite the fact that it was written several decades ago, as is his take on the potential impact of the Internet in ‘Network Love’. Stanley Milgram possessed a relentless curiosity about the hidden workings of our social world, which he tried to make visible through his experiments and think pieces brought together in this unique, revealing and engaging book – a must-read for anyone interested in social psychology.

En la década de 1960, tres meses después de que Adolf Eichmann fuera sentenciado a muerte en Jerusalén por crímenes contra la humanidad durante el régimen nazi, el psicólogo Stanley Milgram llevó a cabo una serie de experimentos que cambiaron para siempre nuestra percepción de la moral. Muy controvertidos en su momento, pero ahora fuertemente reivindicados por la comunidad científica, estos experimentos trataban de determinar si Eichmann y su millón de cómplices en el Holocausto solo estaban siguiendo órdenes, y hasta qué punto la gente obedece mandatos sin importar sus consecuencias. Obediencia a la autoridad ayuda a explicar cómo la gente común puede cometer el más horrible de los crímenes, ausentándose su sentido de la responsabilidad, si se encuentra bajo la influencia de una fuerte autoridad.Milgram resumiría su investigación de esta manera: "Los aspectos legales y filosóficos de la obediencia son de enorme importancia, pero dicen muy poco sobre cómo se comporta la mayoría de la gente en situaciones concretas. Monté un simple experimento en la Universidad de Yale para probar cuánto dolor infligiría un ciudadano corriente a otra persona simplemente porque se lo pedían para un experimento científico. La férrea autoridad se impuso a los imperativos morales de los sujetos".