Steven L. Percival - Böcker

Biofilms in Infection and Disease Control: A Healthcare Handbook outlines the scientific evidence and rationale for the prevention of infection, the role biofilms play in infection control, and the issues concerning their resistance to antimicrobials. This book provides practical guidance for healthcare and infection control professionals, as well as students, for preventing and controlling infection.

Biofilms are the most common mode of bacterial growth in nature. Highly resistant to antibiotics and antimicrobials, biofilms are the source of more than 65 percent of health care associated infections (HCAI), which, according to the WHO, affect 1.4 million people annually. Biofilms are involved in 80 percent of all microbial infections in the body, including those associated with medical devices such as catheters, endotracheal tubes, joint prostheses, and heart valves. Biofilms are also the principle causes of infections of the middle-ear, dental caries, gingivitis, prostatitis and cystic fibrosis. Importantly, biofilms also significantly delay wound healing and reduce antimicrobial efficiency in at-risk or infected skin wounds.

Provides specific procedures for controlling and preventing infection Includes case studies of HCAI, and identifies appropriate treatments Presents national government standards for infection prevention and control Includes extensive references and links to websites for further information

The second edition of Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases describes the diseases associated with water, their causative agents and the ways in which they gain access to water systems. The book is divided into sections covering bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Other sections detail methods for detecting and identifying waterborne microorganisms, and the ways in which they are removed from water, including chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet disinfection.The second edition of this handbook has been updated with information on biofilms and antimicrobial resistance. The impact of global warming and climate change phenomena on waterborne illnesses are also discussed. This book serves as an indispensable reference for public health microbiologists, water utility scientists, research water pollution microbiologists environmental health officers, consultants in communicable disease control and microbial water pollution students.

Theworld'spopulationisestimatedtoreach8. 9billionby2050with370million peopleof80yearsofageorolder. Ageingisanincurablediseaseandde?nedasthe 'deregulationofbiochemicalprocessesimportantforlife',butforthepurposeof this book, ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment. Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection. Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost's microbiology are poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting signi?cancetothehost. Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease? Asthehost'smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival ofbene?cialbacteria? Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson ageingtheorieswithChap. 2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis isaffectedduringageing. Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap. 6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly. Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits associatedimmunity. Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13. The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition. Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle. Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1 AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms...1StevenL. Percival 2 IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost...15 JohnG. ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly ...39 KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4 SkinAgingandMicrobiology...57 LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5 LungInfectionsandAging ...95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6 In?uenzaintheElderly...113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7 ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge ...131 RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing...153 EileenMurphy,CarolineMurphy,andLiamO',butforthepurposeof this book, ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment. Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection.Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost's microbiology are poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting signi?cancetothehost. Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease? Asthehost'smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival ofbene?cialbacteria? Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson ageingtheorieswithChap. 2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis isaffectedduringageing. Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap. 6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly. Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host defences with advanced age with Chap.8 reviewing the in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits associatedimmunity. Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13. The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition. Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle. Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1 AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms...1 StevenL. Percival 2 IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost...15 JohnG. ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly ...39 KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4 SkinAgingandMicrobiology...57 LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5 LungInfectionsandAging ...95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6 In?uenzaintheElderly...113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7 ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge ...131 RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing...153 EileenMurphy,CarolineMurphy,andLiamO'Mahony 9 AGutReaction:AgingAffectsGut-AssociatedImmunity ...175 JosephF. AlbrightandJuliaW. Albright 10 ClostridiumandTheAgeingGut...223 SarahConnorandStevenL. Percival ix x Contents 11 TheSigni?canceofHelicobacterPyloriAcquisition andtheHygieneHypothesis...263 StevenL. Percival 12 ProbioticsandtheAgeingGut...275 StevenL. Percival 13 MicrobiologicalTheoryofAutisminChildhood ...291 StevenL. Percival 14 DecompositionofHumanRemains...313 RobertC. Janaway,StevenL. Percival,andAndrewS. Wilson Index ...335 Contributors JosephF. Albright,PhD Departmentof Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA JuliaW. Albright,PhD Departmentof Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA LeslieBaumann,MD UniversityofMiamiCosmeticCenter,MiamiBeach,FL,USA SarahConnor,MSc DepartmentofMicrobiology,LeedsGeneralIn?rmary,Leeds,UK CaterinaHatzifoti,PhD UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool,BeechHillRoad,Shef?eld,UK AndrewW. Heath,PhD UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool,BeechHillRoad,Shef?eld,UK RobertC.

Theworld'spopulationisestimatedtoreach8. 9billionby2050with370million peopleof80yearsofageorolder. Ageingisanincurablediseaseandde?nedasthe 'deregulationofbiochemicalprocessesimportantforlife',butforthepurposeof this book, ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment. Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection. Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost's microbiology are poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting signi?cancetothehost. Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease? Asthehost'smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival ofbene?cialbacteria? Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson ageingtheorieswithChap. 2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis isaffectedduringageing. Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap. 6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly. Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits associatedimmunity. Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13. The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition. Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle. Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1 AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms...1StevenL. Percival 2 IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost...15 JohnG. ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly ...39 KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4 SkinAgingandMicrobiology...57 LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5 LungInfectionsandAging ...95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6 In?uenzaintheElderly...113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7 ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge ...131 RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing...153 EileenMurphy,CarolineMurphy,andLiamO',butforthepurposeof this book, ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment. Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection.Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost's microbiology are poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting signi?cancetothehost. Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease? Asthehost'smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival ofbene?cialbacteria? Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson ageingtheorieswithChap. 2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis isaffectedduringageing. Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap. 6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly. Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host defences with advanced age with Chap.8 reviewing the in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits associatedimmunity. Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13. The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition. Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle. Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1 AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms...1 StevenL. Percival 2 IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost...15 JohnG. ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly ...39 KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4 SkinAgingandMicrobiology...57 LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5 LungInfectionsandAging ...95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6 In?uenzaintheElderly...113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7 ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge ...131 RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing...153 EileenMurphy,CarolineMurphy,andLiamO'Mahony 9 AGutReaction:AgingAffectsGut-AssociatedImmunity ...175 JosephF. AlbrightandJuliaW. Albright 10 ClostridiumandTheAgeingGut...223 SarahConnorandStevenL. Percival ix x Contents 11 TheSigni?canceofHelicobacterPyloriAcquisition andtheHygieneHypothesis...263 StevenL. Percival 12 ProbioticsandtheAgeingGut...275 StevenL. Percival 13 MicrobiologicalTheoryofAutisminChildhood ...291 StevenL. Percival 14 DecompositionofHumanRemains...313 RobertC. Janaway,StevenL. Percival,andAndrewS. Wilson Index ...335 Contributors JosephF. Albright,PhD Departmentof Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA JuliaW. Albright,PhD Departmentof Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA LeslieBaumann,MD UniversityofMiamiCosmeticCenter,MiamiBeach,FL,USA SarahConnor,MSc DepartmentofMicrobiology,LeedsGeneralIn?rmary,Leeds,UK CaterinaHatzifoti,PhD UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool,BeechHillRoad,Shef?eld,UK AndrewW. Heath,PhD UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool,BeechHillRoad,Shef?eld,UK RobertC.

Biofilms are implicated in many common medical problems including urinary tract infections, catheter infections, middle-ear infections, dental plaque, gingivitis, and some less common but more lethal processes such as endocarditis and infections in cystic fibrosis.  However, the true importance of biofilms in the overall process of disease pathogenesis has only recently been recognized. Bacterial biofilms are one of the fundamental reasons for incipient wound healing failure in that they may impair natural cutaneous wound healing and reduce topical antimicrobial efficiency in infected skin wounds.  Their existence explains many of the enigmas of microbial infection and a better grasp of the process may well serve to establish a different approach to infection control and management.   Biofilms and their associated complications have been found to be involved in up to 80% of all infections.  A large number of studies targeted at the bacterial biofilms have been conducted, and many of them are referred to in this book, which is the first of its kind.   These clinical observations emphasize the importance of biofilm formation to both superficial and systemic infections, and the inability of current antimicrobial therapies to ‘cure’ the resulting diseases even when the in vitro tests suggest that they should be fully effective.In veterinary medicine the concept of biofilms and their role in the pathogenesis of disease has lagged seriously behind that in human medicine.  This is all the more extraordinary when one considers that much of the research has been carried out using veterinary species in experimental situations.   The clinical features of biofilms in human medicine is certainly mimicked in the veterinary species but there is an inherent and highly regrettable indifference to the failure of antimicrobial therapy in many veterinary disease situations, and this is probably at its most retrograde in veterinary wound management. Biofilms and Veterinary Medicine is specifically focused on discussing the concerns of biofilms to health and disease in animals and provides a definitive text for veterinary practitioners, medical and veterinary students, and researchers.