Suprakas Sinha Ray – författare

Nanostructured Immiscible Polymer Blends: Migration and Interface covers a wide range of nanoparticle types, emphasizing the mechanisms and parameters involved in the migration of nanofillers inside immiscible polymer blends. This book explores the influence of nanoparticle migration on the localization, and hence, morphology development, electrical conductivity, and met-rheological properties of blended composite materials. As the influence of solid particles, ranging in size from several hundred nanometers to a few microns in immiscible polymer blends has been extensively studied for use as compatibilizers, morphology stabilizers, and reinforcement agents, this book is a timely resource.

Outlines techniques used to prepare nanoparticles-modified immiscible polymer blend composites Explains the structural and morphological development, and melt-state rheological behaviors of nanoparticles-modified immiscible polymer blend composites Discusses major industrial applications

The deterioration of water quality and unavailability of drinkable water are pressing challenges worldwide. The removal of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants from water is vital for a clean environment, as a response to water scarcity. Adsorption-based water technologies are among the most widely used because of their high efficiency and low cost, without relying on a complex infrastructure. In recent years, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as graphene and derivatives, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, nanoporous carbon, fullerenes, graphitic carbon nitride, and nanodiamonds have been extensively exploited as adsorbents due to their extraordinary surface properties, ease of modification, large surface area, controlled structural varieties, high chemical stability, porosity, low density, ease of regeneration, and reusability.

This book provides a thorough overview of the state of the art in carbon nanomaterials as they are used for adsorption applications in water purifications, as well as addressing their toxicological challenges. This volume primarily explores the fundamentals of adsorption, its mechanical aspects, synthesis and properties of CNMs, and adsorption performances of CNMs and their nanocomposites with organic and inorganic materials. Structural engineering and activation processes produce materials with enhanced adsorptive properties and separation efficiencies. Furthermore, the formation of CNMs with 2D and 3D macro-and microstructures and high porosities is a potential approach to improve adsorption performances and extend CNM use at the industrial level. The book also addresses important issues regarding these adsorbents that potentially affect future research and industrial applications of carbon-based nanoadsorbents in water security.

Presents advances in multifunctional 3D superstructures of carbon nanomaterials and their composites for adsorption applications Outlines the fundamentals on synthesis and characterization techniques of carbon-based nanostructures and their composites Assesses the major toxicological challenges in using nanostructured materials as adsorbents for water purification

Sustainable Polylactide-Based Blends provides a critical overview of the state-of-the-art in polylactide (PLA)-based blends, addressing the latest advances, innovative processing techniques and fundamental issues that persist in the field. Sections cover the fundamentals of sustainable polymeric materials, polylactide and polymer blends, current and upcoming processing technologies, structure and morphology characterization techniques for PLA and PLA-based blends, and the processing, morphology development, and properties of polylactide-based blends. Final chapters focus on current and future applications, market potential, key challenges and future outlooks.

Throughout the book, theoretical modeling of immiscible polymer blends helps to establish structure-property relationships in various PLA-based polymer blends. With in-depth coverage of fundamentals and processing techniques, the book aims to support the selection of each processing method, along with an understanding of surface chemistry to achieve improved compatibility between phases.

Explains fundamental aspects of polylactide-based blends, including characterization methods and property measurement techniques Offers comprehensive and detailed coverage of processing, morphology and properties, all organized by blend material Analyzes novel methods and addresses challenges associated with PLA-based blends, with a focus on applications and market potential

Foamability of Thermoplastic Polymeric Materials presents a cutting-edge approach to thermoplastic polymeric foams, drawing on the latest research and guiding the reader through the fundamental science, foamability, structure-property-processing relationship, multi-phase polymeric materials, degradation characteristics of biodegradable foams and advanced applications. Sections provide detailed information on foam manufacturing technologies and the fundamental science behind foaming, present insights on the factors affecting foamability, cover ways of enhancing the foamability of various polymeric materials, with special focus on multi-phase systems, discuss the degradation of biodegradable foams and special morphology development for scaffolds, packaging, acoustic and super-insulation applications, as well as cell seeding studies in scaffolds.

Each application has specific requirements in terms of desired properties. This in-depth coverage and analysis helps those looking to move forward with microcellular processing and polymer foaming. This is an ideal resource for researchers, advanced students and professionals interested in the microcellular processing of polymeric materials in the areas of polymer foaming, polymer processing, plastics engineering and materials science.

Offers in-depth coverage of factors affecting foamability and methods for enhancing the foamability of polymeric materials Explores innovative applications in a range of areas, including scaffolds, acoustic applications, packaging and super-insulation Provides a comprehensive, critical overview of the state-of-the-art, possible future research directions, and opportunities for industrial application

Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery covers fundamental aspects in the preparation of polymeric in-situ, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, including properties, characterization, chemistry, and fabrication of these hydrogels. The book will help the reader select the most appropriate material and design for the desired application. The book goes on to review applications in ophthalmic drug delivery, covering in vitro and in vivo models, animal models, preclinical testing, patents, and more. This is a must-have reference for researchers and academics in the fields of materials science, biomaterials, pharmacology and polymer science, with an interest in clinical aspects of hydrogel design and application.

Provides step-by-step coverage for engineering in-situ and stimuli-responsive hydrogels, from design, characterization, and toxicity considerations to fabrication, process optimization, and drug release kineticsUtilizes an interdisciplinary approach, bringing together authors from pharmacology, polymer science, and medical backgroundsDetails the advantages and challenges of using stimuli-responsive hydrogels for ophthalmic drug delivery, with a focus on clinical translation

Sustainable Polylactide-Based Composites integrates fundamental knowledge pertaining to manufacturing and characterization of polymer composites with a thorough and critical overview of the state-of-the-art in PLA-based composites, including significant past and recent advances. The book begins with insights into the basics of polymer composites, with special reference to sustainable composites, as well as fundamental knowledge related to PLA. This is followed by chapters on manufacturing methods, morphological characterization techniques, and the mechanical models used for polymer composites. A comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in PLA-based sustainable composites of all extensively used fillers is then presented.

After providing fundamental knowledge related to PLA and polymer composites, including structure-property-processing relationship, the book focuses on recent research efforts and key research challenges in the development of PLA-based composites, as well as lifecycle assessment and recycling.

Presents fundamentals, processing techniques, characterization methods, and modeling Offers comprehensive coverage of a broad range of polylactide composites Addresses key issues that could shape future research and industrial application for sustainable future development

Polymers and Two-Dimensional Nanocomposites provides a detailed review of recent progress in this important research field. The chapters cover new developments in synthesis methods, fabrication techniques, sample preparation methods, surface modification, characterization, methods of enhancing the properties of these materials and industrial applications in energy, environmental, oil and gas, sensors, corrosion, biomedical and structural applications.The book provides a valuable reference resource for academic and industrial researchers, materials scientists and engineers working in the fields of polymer science and engineering, polymer composites and nanocomposites.

Covers recent developments in synthesis, characterization, properties and applicationsDiscusses new fabrication techniques and how to select the right processing conditionsSystematic presentation of theoretical and experimental investigation of properties for various industrial applicationsAttention is given to current challenges and future improvements

Concerns about global warming and the depletion of oil reserves have led to significant research into more sustainable composite materials made from natural materials. Recently, research has focussed on the development of nanoscale reinforcements for this new group of composites, significantly improving and extending their range of desirable properties. Environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites summarises this wealth of research and its practical implications.After an introduction to the subject, part one looks at matrix and reinforcement materials as well as their characterisation. Part two reviews key properties such as tensile and dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability. It also considers issues such as barrier properties, biodegradability, rheology, electrical and thermal conductivity. The book concludes by reviewing potential applications.This book is ideal for polymer and material scientists, researchers and engineers. It will also help industrial researchers and R&D managers who want to bring advanced eco-friendly polymer composite-based products into the market.Summarises the practical implications of the development of nanoscale reinforcements for sustainable composite materials made from natural materialsExamines matrix and reinforcement materials and their characterisation and reviews key properties such as tensile and dynamic mechanical propertiesConsiders barrier properties, biodegradability, rheology, electrical and thermal conductivity and potential applications

This book covers the analysis of biosensing, site-targeted therapeutics, as well as visual analytics of release profile at the delivery site as possible uses for nanotheranostics therapies following the route of smart polymers. It discusses pH as well as temperature-sensitive polymers and their recent and relevant applications as biomaterials in drug delivery and tissue engineering including dual-stimuli smart polymers.FeaturesInforms about the main challenges and prospects of nanotheranostics and smart polymersCovers biomedical application of smart polymers in imaging and therapyIncludes a wide description of the different polymer structures, from hydrogel, core-shell to foams and nanofibersIntroduces different types of emerging smart polymeric systemsDiscusses available potential of nanotheranostics and smart polymers toward commercializationThis book is aimed at industrial pharmaceutical experts, higher institution lecturers/teachers, researchers, and graduate students in nanodrug delivery, polymeric delivery, bioimaging, and smart polymers.

This book aims to provide a fundamental grasp of graphene-based materials (GAMs) and their adsorption process. The effect of diverse process parameters, including pH, temperature, agitation, competing ions, etc., on the adsorption performance of GAMs as well as their recent and relevant applications in biomedical fields, are discussed. The current challenges and future outlook have been addressed as an independent chapter, and the recyclability of these adsorbent materials has also been covered.Features:Focuses on graphene-based materials as adsorbents to remove contaminants from wastewater.Includes detailed computational and statistical analyses and cost comparison points.Compares the performance of graphene-based materials as adsorbents in the context of various other reported adsorbents, including other 2D materials, such as WS2 and BN.Provides fundamental comprehension of the graphene-based materials’ adsorption process.Discusses the recyclable nature of graphene-based materials, as well as approaches used.This book has been aimed at graduate students and researchers in wastewater treatment, environmental, materials, and chemical engineering.

This book aims to provide a fundamental grasp of graphene-based materials (GAMs) and their adsorption process. The effect of diverse process parameters, including pH, temperature, agitation, competing ions, etc., on the adsorption performance of GAMs as well as their recent and relevant applications in biomedical fields, are discussed. The current challenges and future outlook have been addressed as an independent chapter, and the recyclability of these adsorbent materials has also been covered.Features:Focuses on graphene-based materials as adsorbents to remove contaminants from wastewater.Includes detailed computational and statistical analyses and cost comparison points.Compares the performance of graphene-based materials as adsorbents in the context of various other reported adsorbents, including other 2D materials, such as WS2 and BN.Provides fundamental comprehension of the graphene-based materials’ adsorption process.Discusses the recyclable nature of graphene-based materials, as well as approaches used.This book has been aimed at graduate students and researchers in wastewater treatment, environmental, materials, and chemical engineering.

A collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society's 35th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 23-28, 2011. This issue includes papers presented in the 5th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology on topics such as Nanotubes, Nanorods, Nanowires and other One-dimensional Structures; Nanostructured Membranes, Thin Films, and Functional Coatings; Synthesis, Functionalization and Processing of Nanostructured Materials; and Advanced Applications.

This issue features fourteen peer-reviewed papers originating from The 6th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology. It includes Nanostructured coatings by cluster beam deposition; a new greener synthetic route to cadmium/lead selenide and telluride nanoparticles; and much more. Held in January 2012, during the 36th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), the symposium covered a broad range of issues, including synthesis, processing, modeling, and structure-property correlations in nanomaterials and nanocomposites, enabling scientists, engineers, and technologists from around the world to explore the latest developments in the field.

Photocatalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment comprehensively covers a range of topics aiming to promote the implementation of photocatalysis at large scale through provision of facile and green methods for catalysts synthesis and elucidation of pollutants degradation mechanisms. This book is divided into two main parts namely “Synthesis of effective photocatalysts” (Part I) and “Mechanisms of the photocatalytic degradation of various pollutants” (Part II). The first part focuses on the exploration of various strategies to synthesize sustainable and effective photocatalysts.  The second part of the book provides an insights into the photocatalytic degradation mechanisms and pathways under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation, as well as the challenges faced by this technology and its future prospects.

PHOTOREACTORS IN ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES Unique book covering topics related to the evolving photoreactors concepts, design, and application as well as green synthesis of heterogenous photocatalysts which are the key aspects to facilitate the escalation of bench scale works toward industrial/commercial applications. In this book, the editors present the most up-to-date research on Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) to make the argument that AOPs offer an eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment. In addition to an overview of the fundamentals and applications, it provides ample details of the reactive species involved in AOPs as well as reactor design concepts, thus providing readers with the necessary tools to better understand and implement these methods. Moreover, this book presents some conventional and novel photoreactors equipped with UV/vis lamps for working under solar radiation for wastewater treatment in a laboratory and on an industrial scale, which is an important focus of the book. Readers will find in this book: In-depth coverage of the performance of sustainable eco-friendly and low-cost heterogeneous photocatalysts (biogenic photocatalysts);A state-of-the-art fundamental review of parameters affecting photoreactor designs for the effective performance of reactive species;Identifies, formulates, and analyzes developed processes and technologies to meet desired environmental protection needs of society and formulates solutions that are technically sound, economically feasible, and socially acceptable.Audience This book will be of interest to academic researchers and graduate students from the fields of environment, chemistry, and engineering, and professionals including environmental managers in industry, water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies, and environmentalists.

Phase separation in polymer blends has achieved a tremendous techno-commercial importance. Most of the applications of polymer blends, such as tissue engineering, membrane technology, electromagnetic shielding, energy harvesting, structural materials, packaging, smart multiphase polymer coatings, depend on the morphologies developed during processing.This book outlines the fundamental aspects of polymer blend thermodynamics, the state-of-the-art processing techniques for specific polymer blend systems currently in use, and the design and fabrication of multiphasic polymeric materials, which will present a multiplicity of opportunities in the water remediation, packaging, and electronic industries, to mention a few. It emphasizes recent research developments, processing techniques, characterization methods, factors influencing phase separation temperature in phase-separated, including partially miscible, polymer blends, and key research challenges in the development of phase-separated polymers materials.With unique and systematic coverage of the journey from fundamentals to applications in polymer blends, this book is ideal for polymer scientists and engineers, material scientists, researchers, engineers, and under- and post-graduate students who are interested in this exciting field of research. It will help industrial researchers and R&D managers bring advanced phase-separated polymer materials/products to the market.

This book integrates fundamental knowledge about computational modeling, rheology, and characterization of polymeric materials with a thorough and critical overview of advanced and emerging manufacturing techniques in polymer processing, including significant past and recent advances. All concepts are illustrated with case studies, so as to enable the reader to correlate theory with practical applications. It is intended for students, researchers, and R&D professionals engaged in developing advanced polymeric materials and products. Conventional polymer processing has been revolutionized by technologies such as computational modeling, machine learning, and advanced machine design. On the other hand, newer advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing, 4D printing, electrospinning, and nanocellular foaming have emerged to enable manufacture of products that would impossible to produce by conventional methods. This book covers both of these aspects, as well as application-specific polymer processing techniques employed in the field of tissue engineering. Furthermore, it addresses fundamental issues related to advanced and emerging processing techniques of sustainable polymeric materials and their nanocomposites, which could shape future research and industrial application of these materials for sustainable future development.

Processing of polymer nanocomposites usually requires special attention since the resultant structure—micro- and nano-level, is directly influenced by among other factors, polymer/nano-additive chemistry and the processing strategy. This book consolidates knowledge, from fundamental to product development, on polymer nanocomposites processing with special emphasis on the processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a wide range of polymer nanocomposites. Furthermore, this book focuses on emerging processing technologies such as electrospinning, which has very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration.  Additionally, the important role played by the nanoparticles in polymer blends structures has been illustrated in the current book, with special focus on fundamental aspects and properties of nanoparticles migration and interface crossing in immiscible polymer blend nanocomposites.This book introduces readers to nanomaterials and polymer nanocomposites processing. After defining nanoparticles and polymer nanocomposites and discussing environmental aspects, the second chapter focuses on the synthesis and functionalization of nanomaterials with applications in polymers. A brief overview on nanoclay and nanoclay-containing polymer nanocomposites is provided in third chapter. The fourth chapter provides an overview of the polymer nanocomposites structural elucidation techniques, such as X-ray diffraction and scattering, microscopy and spectroscopy, rheology. The fifth chapter is dedicated to the polymer nanocomposites processing technologies, among which electrospinning, which has very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration. The last chapter provides an overview on how melt-processing strategy impact structure and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites by taking polypropylene-clay nanocomposite as a model system. The book is useful to undergraduate and postgraduatestudents (polymer engineering, materials science & engineering, chemical & process engineering), as well as research & development personnel, engineers, and material scientists.

Processing of polymer nanocomposites usually requires special attention since the resultant structure—micro- and nano-level, is directly influenced by among other factors, polymer/nano-additive chemistry and the processing strategy. This book consolidates knowledge, from fundamental to product development, on polymer nanocomposites processing with special emphasis on the processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a wide range of polymer nanocomposites. Furthermore, this book focuses on emerging processing technologies such as electrospinning, which has very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration.  Additionally, the important role played by the nanoparticles in polymer blends structures has been illustrated in the current book, with special focus on fundamental aspects and properties of nanoparticles migration and interface crossing in immiscible polymer blend nanocomposites.This book focuses heavily on the processing technologies and strategies and extensively addresses the processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a wide range of polymer nanocomposites, such as commodity polymers (chapter 1), engineering polymers (chapter 2), elastomers (chapter 3), thermosets (chapter 4), biopolymers (chapter 5), polymer blends (chapter 6), and electrospun polymer (chapter 7). The important role played by nanoparticles in polymer blends structures in particular is illustrated.The book is useful to undergraduate and postgraduate students (polymer engineering, materials science & engineering, chemical & process engineering), as well as research & development personnel, engineers, and material scientists.

This book presents an overview of recent academic and industrial research efforts concerning halogen-free flame-retardant (FR) polymers and their nanocomposites. It summarizes the synthesis methods for various types of halogen-free FR polymers and their nanocomposites, and critically reviews their flame-retardant behavior, toxic-gas evolution during combustion, and inhibition methods. In turn, the book discusses the importance of metal oxide nanoparticles, nanoclay, and graphene in flame inhibition and addresses the FR properties of various FR compounds containing polymers, their FR mechanisms, and fire toxicant releasing and inhibition methods in detail. It systematically covers the synergetic effects between different FR compounds, and explains the significance of thermal stability and melt dripping for polymers’ FR properties.The fundamental concepts described here are essential to understanding the FR behaviors of various polymers and their nanocomposites, andto developing efficient, environmentally friendly FR polymers and nanocomposites for a wide range of applications. This book is ideally suited for researchers in the fields of polymer science and engineering, and for graduate students in chemistry and materials science.

This book presents an overview of recent academic and industrial research efforts concerning halogen-free flame-retardant (FR) polymers and their nanocomposites. It summarizes the synthesis methods for various types of halogen-free FR polymers and their nanocomposites, and critically reviews their flame-retardant behavior, toxic-gas evolution during combustion, and inhibition methods. In turn, the book discusses the importance of metal oxide nanoparticles, nanoclay, and graphene in flame inhibition and addresses the FR properties of various FR compounds containing polymers, their FR mechanisms, and fire toxicant releasing and inhibition methods in detail. It systematically covers the synergetic effects between different FR compounds, and explains the significance of thermal stability and melt dripping for polymers’ FR properties.The fundamental concepts described here are essential to understanding the FR behaviors of various polymers and their nanocomposites, andto developing efficient, environmentally friendly FR polymers and nanocomposites for a wide range of applications. This book is ideally suited for researchers in the fields of polymer science and engineering, and for graduate students in chemistry and materials science.

This book reports on the development of nanostructured metal-oxide-based electrode materials for use in water purification. The removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals from wastewater is a growing environmental and societal priority. This book thus focuses primarily on new techniques to modify the nanostructural properties of various solvent-electrolyte combinations to address these issues. Water treatment is becoming more and more challenging due to the ever increasing complexity of the pollutants present, requiring alternative and complementary approaches toward the removal of toxic chemicals, heavy metals and micro-organisms, to name a few. This contributed volume cuts across the fields of electrochemistry, water science, materials science, and nanotechnology, while presenting up-to-date experimental results on the properties and synthesis of metal-oxide electrode materials, as well as their application to areas such as biosensing and photochemical removal of organicwastewater pollutants. Featuring an introductory chapter on electrochemical cells, this book is well positioned to acquaint interdisciplinary researchers to the field, while providing topical coverage of the latest techniques and methodology. It is ideal for students and research professionals in water science, materials science, and chemical and civil engineering.

This book reports on the development of nanostructured metal-oxide-based electrode materials for use in water purification. The removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals from wastewater is a growing environmental and societal priority. This book thus focuses primarily on new techniques to modify the nanostructural properties of various solvent-electrolyte combinations to address these issues. Water treatment is becoming more and more challenging due to the ever increasing complexity of the pollutants present, requiring alternative and complementary approaches toward the removal of toxic chemicals, heavy metals and micro-organisms, to name a few. This contributed volume cuts across the fields of electrochemistry, water science, materials science, and nanotechnology, while presenting up-to-date experimental results on the properties and synthesis of metal-oxide electrode materials, as well as their application to areas such as biosensing and photochemical removal of organicwastewater pollutants. Featuring an introductory chapter on electrochemical cells, this book is well positioned to acquaint interdisciplinary researchers to the field, while providing topical coverage of the latest techniques and methodology. It is ideal for students and research professionals in water science, materials science, and chemical and civil engineering.

This book focuses on the electrochemical and nanostructural properties of new photoanode/electrolyte combinations used in the development of novel surface-modified nanomaterials for environmental applications. As water treatment is rapidly becoming a global challenge due to the increasing complexity and number of the various pollutants present, the book explores fundamental issues relating to environmental applications of nanomaterials. It addresses relevant topics ranging from electrochemical synthesis and characterization, to applications of photoanodes in corrosion prevention and biosensors for wastewater treatment. Featuring up-to-date experimental results on nanomaterials for detection of pharmaceuticals and heavy metals in wastewater, this contributed volume is useful to electrochemical researchers, materials scientists, and chemical and civil engineers interested in advanced photoelectrochemical research for environmental applications.

This book focuses on the electrochemical and nanostructural properties of new photoanode/electrolyte combinations used in the development of novel surface-modified nanomaterials for environmental applications.

This book provides an overview of the latest advances in applications of nanocomposites in wastewater treatment.

This book provides an overview of the latest advances in applications of nanocomposites in wastewater treatment.

This book focuses on recent developments in the field of two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental applications. Due to their high surface area and tunable surface chemistry, two-dimensional nanomaterials are currently garnering great interest for environmental remediation applications. This book compiles contributed chapters from active international researchers dealing with the development of state-of-the-art two-dimensional nanomaterials in environmental applications such as water and wastewater treatment, adsorption, photocatalysis, membrane separation, desalination, deionization, environmental pollutants sensing/detection, carbon-dioxide capture and catalytic conversion, microbial treatment, and electrochemical remediation. Each chapter provides an essential and comprehensive overview of the recent advances in material development and application, giving special attention to preparation methods, tunning of physiochemical properties, surface and interface chemistry, structural porosity, assemblies integration for fabrication of devices, and their relationship with overall efficiency. It offers a valuable reference guide for environmental and materials scientists, engineers, and policymakers working towards environmental sustainability.

This book focuses on recent developments in the field of two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental applications. Due to their high surface area and tunable surface chemistry, two-dimensional nanomaterials are currently garnering great interest for environmental remediation applications. This book compiles contributed chapters from active international researchers dealing with the development of state-of-the-art two-dimensional nanomaterials in environmental applications such as water and wastewater treatment, adsorption, photocatalysis, membrane separation, desalination, deionization, environmental pollutants sensing/detection, carbon-dioxide capture and catalytic conversion, microbial treatment, and electrochemical remediation. Each chapter provides an essential and comprehensive overview of the recent advances in material development and application, giving special attention to preparation methods, tunning of physiochemical properties, surface and interface chemistry, structural porosity, assemblies integration for fabrication of devices, and their relationship with overall efficiency. It offers a valuable reference guide for environmental and materials scientists, engineers, and policymakers working towards environmental sustainability.