This volume offers a comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis of the evolving frameworks for protecting cultural property, with a particular focus on the development of dispute resolution mechanisms at both national and international levels. Despite longstanding legal and institutional safeguards, cultural property continues to face serious threats from both persistent and emerging challenges, including illicit trafficking, looting, unauthorized excavations, cultural cleansing, and destruction caused by international and non-international armed conflicts. The growing influence of non-state armed groups and terrorist organizations further exacerbates these risks. In addition, the volume addresses new and compounding threats such as climate change, natural disasters, and the use of advanced technologies to produce counterfeit artefacts highlighting the urgent need for more effective, integrated protection strategies.Contributions from experts in law, archaeology, history, and conservation science provide a multidimensional perspective on cultural property protection. Special attention is also given to the work of commissions and restitution bodies established to address the recovery of art looted during the Second World War. The roles of administrative bodies, museums, galleries, international organizations, and both governmental and non-governmental actors are critically examined within the broader context of cultural governance. Particular attention is given to judicial and non-judicial dispute resolution mechanisms, as well as the involvement of national and international law enforcement agencies. Case studies from conflict-affected regions including Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, and Ukraine offer insights into the practical implementation of protective measures under conditions of extreme risk. The volume also explores the application of scientific methods in detecting forged artefacts and their evidentiary value in legal proceedings. It further explores how analytical techniques applied in the study of historical materials support the restoration and conservation of cultural property, including the identification of appropriate soils, fabrics, and other materials necessary for accurate reconstruction.This work serves as an essential resource for a wide audience, including students, academics, legal professionals, law enforcement officials, policymakers, representatives of international organizations such as UNESCO, INTERPOL, UNIDROIT, ICOMOS, and ICOM, as well as museums and governmental bodies, all of whom are engaged in the protection and preservation of cultural property across diverse contexts, whether in times of peace or armed conflict.

This volume offers a comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis of the evolving frameworks for protecting cultural property, with a particular focus on the development of dispute resolution mechanisms at both national and international levels. Despite longstanding legal and institutional safeguards, cultural property continues to face serious threats from both persistent and emerging challenges, including illicit trafficking, looting, unauthorized excavations, cultural cleansing, and destruction caused by international and non-international armed conflicts. The growing influence of non-state armed groups and terrorist organizations further exacerbates these risks. In addition, the volume addresses new and compounding threats such as climate change, natural disasters, and the use of advanced technologies to produce counterfeit artefacts highlighting the urgent need for more effective, integrated protection strategies.Contributions from experts in law, archaeology, history, and conservation science provide a multidimensional perspective on cultural property protection. Special attention is also given to the work of commissions and restitution bodies established to address the recovery of art looted during the Second World War. The roles of administrative bodies, museums, galleries, international organizations, and both governmental and non-governmental actors are critically examined within the broader context of cultural governance. Particular attention is given to judicial and non-judicial dispute resolution mechanisms, as well as the involvement of national and international law enforcement agencies. Case studies from conflict-affected regions including Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, and Ukraine offer insights into the practical implementation of protective measures under conditions of extreme risk. The volume also explores the application of scientific methods in detecting forged artefacts and their evidentiary value in legal proceedings. It further explores how analytical techniques applied in the study of historical materials support the restoration and conservation of cultural property, including the identification of appropriate soils, fabrics, and other materials necessary for accurate reconstruction.This work serves as an essential resource for a wide audience, including students, academics, legal professionals, law enforcement officials, policymakers, representatives of international organizations such as UNESCO, INTERPOL, UNIDROIT, ICOMOS, and ICOM, as well as museums and governmental bodies, all of whom are engaged in the protection and preservation of cultural property across diverse contexts, whether in times of peace or armed conflict.