Theodore G.Th. Pigeaud – författare

Eight Dutch Books and Articles about the Islamic States in Java (period 1500-1700).

The Dutch Nagara-Kertagama translation on which Professor Kern worked, at intervals, during eleven years, deserves our utmost admir­ ation and respect. It is the last important piece of work he finished before his death. It has enriched in an extraordinarily high degree our knowledge of the history and antiquities of the Majapahit period. Moreover, its dignified and courtly style established the reputation of Old Javanese letters as a literature of considerable interest. The con­ tents of the Nagara-Kertiigama, as interpreted by Professor Kern, gave 14th century Majapahit a nimbus, making it appear to the uncritical public as a most powerful and highly cultured Empire, organized on 18th or 19th century West-European lines. The notes of Krom, Poerbatjaraka and others do not contain com­ plete translations of the texts. These scholars made valuable contribu­ tions to a better understanding of several passages. They did not make it easy for the general reader to consult their notes, though. Professor Kern's appreciation of the contents of the Nagara-Kertagama remained fundamentally unshaken. Up to the present time Professor Kern's Nagara-Kertagama trans­ lation has been generally used and highly appreciated by students of Indonesian cultures and by the public interested in Old Javanese his­ tory, both in Indonesia and elsewhere. In 1953 a modern Malay trans­ lation by Slametmuljana was published in Djakarta (Negarakretagama, diperbaharui kedalam bahasa Indonesia). But then, since Professor Kern's days research has made progress. It is clear, nowadays, that his translation has the defects of its good qualities.

The present second volume of the Nägara-Kertägama edition contains those notes on the tex.t and the translation of the major poem and the appended minor writings and charters that may be of interest to students of the J avanese language. Perusal of these notes on idiom and linguistics will be found the more fruitful if the glossary ( volume V of the present edition) is consulted continuously. No lengthy discussions of linguistic subjects are to be found in the present volume. They would be out of place in this new Nägara­ Kertägama edition, for its tenor is primarily sociological. Exceptions have been made only for some places where short grammatical discus­ sions seemed in place in order to elucidate points of the translation. In the notes on the contemporaneous minor writings and charters differences between the scholarly idiom of Court Iiterature (Nägara­ Kertägama and Royal charters) on the one side and the popular ver­ nacular idiom of daily life on the other have been pointed out repeatedly. The close relationship of the 14th century Majapahit vemacular with modern J avanese is apparent. Occasional remarks on words betonging to regional idioms, either Eastem Javanese Majapahit or Ka

Essentially the following commentary on the contents of the Nagara-Kertagama has been made up from notes by former editors of the text together with remarks, criticisms and digressions by the present author. As Kern, Krom and their contemporaries were especially interested in dynastie history and archeology their notes on those subjects are legion, and as a result of their studies on many points a communis opinio has been reached. The argumentations which led up to this end are not reproduced in the present edition. The interested reader is referred to Krom's great books: Oud-Javaansche Kunst and Hindoe-Javaansche Geschiedenis. It is to be expected that before long the results of Krom's life-work will be made accessible for English readers by De Casparis. On the other hand cultural history, religion, economics and sociology have been rather neglected by the first editors of the Nagara-Kerta- gama. The present author has done his best to remedy that omission. The reader will find that the greater part of the following commen- taries is concerned with those subjects.The contemporaneous minor texts and the charters that are published, translated and annotated in the present book in the same manner as the Nagara-Kertagama have been chosen almost exc1usively for the valuable information on social, economic and religious conditions in the 14th century Majapahit realm that is afforded by them.

Professor Krom's Nagara-Kert:a.gam.a edilllion of 1919 contained several lists and indexes to show the way through the maze of unfamiliar names of persons and places mentioned in the text. In con­ cordance with the broadened scope of the present book the old lists have been brought up to date and some new ones have been added. It i•s hoped that they will prove to be of some use to readers who, though not being expert in rebus Jooanicis, still would take cognizance of history and development of culture in one of the most interesting islands of ·the Indian Archipelago. The alphalbetical index of subjects treated in volumes II and IV of the present book is specially recom­ mended to their attention. The Javanese glossary is to and general index which aJn addition the present book not found in previous edition:s, covers in the first place aU Nagara-Kertagama words and names wha:tsoever, and further many words and n:ames of other texts. In combination with the English a!lphalbetical index of subjects the Javanese glossary is to be used as a general index of contents of volwnes I-V and, up to a certain point, as a substitute for the encyclopaedia of things Javanese that is lacking.

The Dutch Nagara-Kertagama translation on which Professor Kern worked, at intervals, during eleven years, deserves our utmost admir­ ation and respect. It is the last important piece of work he finished before his death. It has enriched in an extraordinarily high degree our knowledge of the history and antiquities of the Majapahit period. Moreover, its dignified and courtly style established the reputation of Old Javanese letters as a literature of considerable interest. The con­ tents of the Nagara-Kertiigama, as interpreted by Professor Kern, gave 14th century Majapahit a nimbus, making it appear to the uncritical public as a most powerful and highly cultured Empire, organized on 18th or 19th century West-European lines. The notes of Krom, Poerbatjaraka and others do not contain com­ plete translations of the texts. These scholars made valuable contribu­ tions to a better understanding of several passages. They did not make it easy for the general reader to consult their notes, though. Professor Kern''s appreciation of the contents of the Nagara-Kertagama remained fundamentally unshaken. Up to the present time Professor Kern''s Nagara-Kertagama trans­ lation has been generally used and highly appreciated by students of Indonesian cultures and by the public interested in Old Javanese his­ tory, both in Indonesia and elsewhere. In 1953 a modern Malay trans­ lation by Slametmuljana was published in Djakarta (Negarakretagama, diperbaharui kedalam bahasa Indonesia). But then, since Professor Kern''s days research has made progress. It is clear, nowadays, that his translation has the defects of its good qualities.

The present second volume of the Nägara-Kertägama edition contains those notes on the tex.t and the translation of the major poem and the appended minor writings and charters that may be of interest to students of the J avanese language. Perusal of these notes on idiom and linguistics will be found the more fruitful if the glossary ( volume V of the present edition) is consulted continuously. No lengthy discussions of linguistic subjects are to be found in the present volume. They would be out of place in this new Nägara­ Kertägama edition, for its tenor is primarily sociological. Exceptions have been made only for some places where short grammatical discus­ sions seemed in place in order to elucidate points of the translation. In the notes on the contemporaneous minor writings and charters differences between the scholarly idiom of Court Iiterature (Nägara­ Kertägama and Royal charters) on the one side and the popular ver­ nacular idiom of daily life on the other have been pointed out repeatedly. The close relationship of the 14th century Majapahit vemacular with modern J avanese is apparent. Occasional remarks on words betonging to regional idioms, either Eastem Javanese Majapahit or Ka

Professor Krom''s Nagara-Kert:a.gam.a edilllion of 1919 contained several lists and indexes to show the way through the maze of unfamiliar names of persons and places mentioned in the text. In con­ cordance with the broadened scope of the present book the old lists have been brought up to date and some new ones have been added. It i•s hoped that they will prove to be of some use to readers who, though not being expert in rebus Jooanicis, still would take cognizance of history and development of culture in one of the most interesting islands of ·the Indian Archipelago. The alphalbetical index of subjects treated in volumes II and IV of the present book is specially recom­ mended to their attention. The Javanese glossary is to and general index which aJn addition the present book not found in previous edition:s, covers in the first place aU Nagara-Kertagama words and names wha:tsoever, and further many words and n:ames of other texts. In combination with the English a!lphalbetical index of subjects the Javanese glossary is to be used as a general index of contents of volwnes I-V and, up to a certain point, as a substitute for the encyclopaedia of things Javanese that is lacking.

The present "Literature Qf Java, Catalogue Raisonne Qf Javanese Manuscripts" is a publicatiQn of the Library Qf the University Qf Leiden. It is no. IX Qf the series "CQdices Manuscripti" published by this Library, and it is made available tOo the public by the RQyal Institute Qf Linguistics and AnthropQoIDgy. Originally the wQrk was Qnly meant to be a sequel tOo Dr H. H. Juynboll's "Supplement Dp "den CatalQgus van de J avaansche en Madoereesche Handschriften der Leidsche "Universiteits-BibliQtheek" in two volumes. The second volume appeared in 1911. It soon became clear, hQwever, that this was the Dpportunity tOo publish an English Catalogue which could be used as an introductiDn to the study Qf Javanese literature mOore easily than the previQus Dutch catalQgues eQuId. It is a matter Qf fact that Dr Juynboll and his predecessors wrQte their catalogues with the intentiDn of prQviding infDrmatiDn on Javanese literature in general, and fDr several decades their books did render excellent services tOo students Qf Javanese civilizatiQn. The differences in structure between the older catalogues and the present bDOk will be explained in the introduction to the second vQlume.In two vDlumes the contents of the previDus catalQgues, increased by an equal quantity Qof new material, has been rearranged according tOo a new system. The third volume, cDntaining illustrations, facsimiles Df manuscripts, maps and a general index Df names and subjects, is entirely new.