Thomas Ferbel – författare

The Proceedings of the tenth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Tech­ niques and Concepts of High Energy Physics are dedicated to Jane and Bob Wilson. Jane joined Bob at St. Croix for the first session of this Institute, after Bob had stepped down as director of Fermilab, and was scheming to build a modest charm factory in the parking lot of Columbia University's Nevis Laboratory. Through the years, Bob has been a great friend of the School, and much of its success and flavor can be attributed to his guidance and support. The 1998 meeting was held once again at the Hotel on the Cay, and, as before, the work and the fun went on very enjoyably. We had a to­ tal of 76 participants from 23 countries, with the main financial support for the meeting provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The ASI was co-sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), by the U.S. National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. As in the case of the previous ASIs, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement and update the material published (by Plenum) for the first nine ASIs and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists.

The Proceedings of the tenth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Tech­ niques and Concepts of High Energy Physics are dedicated to Jane and Bob Wilson. Jane joined Bob at St. Croix for the first session of this Institute, after Bob had stepped down as director of Fermilab, and was scheming to build a modest charm factory in the parking lot of Columbia University's Nevis Laboratory. Through the years, Bob has been a great friend of the School, and much of its success and flavor can be attributed to his guidance and support. The 1998 meeting was held once again at the Hotel on the Cay, and, as before, the work and the fun went on very enjoyably. We had a to­ tal of 76 participants from 23 countries, with the main financial support for the meeting provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The ASI was co-sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), by the U.S. National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. As in the case of the previous ASIs, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement and update the material published (by Plenum) for the first nine ASIs and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists.

The second Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held at the Roaring Brook Resort at Lake George, New York. As in the case of the first ASI, our aim was to bring together a small group of promising young ex­ perimenters and several outstanding senior scholars in high energy physics in order to learn about the latest trends in the field and develop stronger contacts among scientists from different countries and different backgrounds. The setting at Roaring Brook was particularly congenial and the staff, under the direction of George Green, was both friendly and efficient. The ASI was supported mainly through funds provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. It was cosponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, Fermilab, the National Science Founda­ tion and the University of Rochester. A special grant from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided a valuable degree of flexibility for supporting worthy students. The scientific program of this ASI was, once again, designed primarily for advanced graduate students and recent Ph.D recipients in experimental particle physics. I believe, however, that the contents of the present volume will prove useful to an even wider audience of physicists.

The second Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held at the Roaring Brook Resort at Lake George, New York. As in the case of the first ASI, our aim was to bring together a small group of promising young ex­ perimenters and several outstanding senior scholars in high energy physics in order to learn about the latest trends in the field and develop stronger contacts among scientists from different countries and different backgrounds. The setting at Roaring Brook was particularly congenial and the staff, under the direction of George Green, was both friendly and efficient. The ASI was supported mainly through funds provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. It was cosponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, Fermilab, the National Science Founda­ tion and the University of Rochester. A special grant from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided a valuable degree of flexibility for supporting worthy students. The scientific program of this ASI was, once again, designed primarily for advanced graduate students and recent Ph.D recipients in experimental particle physics. I believe, however, that the contents of the present volume will prove useful to an even wider audience of physicists.

For the eighth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics we returned once again to the Hotel on the Cay on that speck of land in the harbor of Christiansted, St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. This time, the ASI brought together a total of 73 participants, from 21 countries. The primary support for the meeting was provided, as usual, by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The ASI was cosponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), by the U. S. National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contribution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as support for worthy students from developing countries. In addition, the International Science Foundation contributed very generously to the support of a participant from Russia. As in the case of the previous ASls, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures, although, unfortunately, short of three contributions, should complement the material published in the first seven ASIs, and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the encouragement and support that I have continued to receive from colleagues and friends in organizing this meeting.

The seventh Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held for the second time at the Club St. Croix, in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The ASI brought together a total of 75 participants, from 19 countries. The primary support for the meeting was again provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. The ASI was cosponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, by Fermilab, by the National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contribution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as support for worthy students from developing countries. As in the case of the previous ASIs, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement the material published in the first six ASIs, and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists.

The ninth Advanced Study Institute (AS!) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was almost canceled before ifbegan! A certain visitor to the area (Hurricane Bertha) arrived unexpectedly early in 1996. It was the first hur­ ricane in memory to menace the Caribbean in early July! Fortunately, it passed St. Croix several days before our meeting, and left very little damage. (The Altar­ ellis survived the eye of the storm in the in the British West Islands!) The meeting was held once again at the hotel on the Cay, on that spec of land in the harbor ofChrirtiansted, St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. After the first two days of, at times, outrageous downpour, the 71 participants from 26 coun­ tries began to relax and enjoy the lectures and the lovely surroundings of the In­ stitute. The primary support for the meeting was provided by the ~cientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The ASI was cosponsored by the U. S. department of Energy, by the Fermi National Accelera­ tor Laboratory (Fermi-lab), by the U. S. National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. In addition, the International Science Foundation con­ tributed to the support of a participant from Russia. As in the case of the previous ASIs, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent Ph. D. recipients in experimental parti­ cle physics.

For the eighth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics we returned once again to the Hotel on the Cay on that speck of land in the harbor of Christiansted, St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. This time, the ASI brought together a total of 73 participants, from 21 countries. The primary support for the meeting was provided, as usual, by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The ASI was cosponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), by the U. S. National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contribution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as support for worthy students from developing countries. In addition, the International Science Foundation contributed very generously to the support of a participant from Russia. As in the case of the previous ASls, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures, although, unfortunately, short of three contributions, should complement the material published in the first seven ASIs, and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the encouragement and support that I have continued to receive from colleagues and friends in organizing this meeting.

The seventh Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held for the second time at the Club St. Croix, in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The ASI brought together a total of 75 participants, from 19 countries. The primary support for the meeting was again provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. The ASI was cosponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, by Fermilab, by the National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contribution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as support for worthy students from developing countries. As in the case of the previous ASIs, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement the material published in the first six ASIs, and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists.

The ninth Advanced Study Institute (AS!) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was almost canceled before ifbegan! A certain visitor to the area (Hurricane Bertha) arrived unexpectedly early in 1996. It was the first hur­ ricane in memory to menace the Caribbean in early July! Fortunately, it passed St. Croix several days before our meeting, and left very little damage. (The Altar­ ellis survived the eye of the storm in the in the British West Islands!) The meeting was held once again at the hotel on the Cay, on that spec of land in the harbor ofChrirtiansted, St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. After the first two days of, at times, outrageous downpour, the 71 participants from 26 coun­ tries began to relax and enjoy the lectures and the lovely surroundings of the In­ stitute. The primary support for the meeting was provided by the ~cientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The ASI was cosponsored by the U. S. department of Energy, by the Fermi National Accelera­ tor Laboratory (Fermi-lab), by the U. S. National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. In addition, the International Science Foundation con­ tributed to the support of a participant from Russia. As in the case of the previous ASIs, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent Ph. D. recipients in experimental parti­ cle physics.

The fifth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held again at the Hotel on the Cay, in the scenic harbor of Christiansted, St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. The ASI brought together a total of 71 participants, from 17 different countries. It was another great success, due to the dedication of the inspiring lecturers, the exceptional study body, and, of course, the beautiful setting. The primary support for the meeting was again provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. The ASI was cosponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, by Fermilab, by the National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contribution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as support for worthy students from developing nations. As in the ca se of the previous ASI''s, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement the material published in the first four ASI''s, and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists.

The fifth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held again at the Hotel on the Cay, in the scenic harbor of Christiansted, St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. The ASI brought together a total of 71 participants, from 17 different countries. It was another great success, due to the dedication of the inspiring lecturers, the exceptional study body, and, of course, the beautiful setting. The primary support for the meeting was again provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. The ASI was cosponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, by Fermilab, by the National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contribution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as support for worthy students from developing nations. As in the ca se of the previous ASI's, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement the material published in the first four ASI's, and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists.

This past July about sixty physicists from sixteen different countries gathered at St. Croix in the United States Virgin Islands for an Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics. The initial idea for the Institute arose one blustery and miserable day at Fermilab during discussions about all the wonderful summer schools that were prevalent throughout Europe but essentially nonexistent in the United States. I felt that it would be of great value to have an Institute that was located in a beautiful area and that catered primarily to the hard­ working experimenters who stoically suffer both the winter cold and summer heat at Fermilab. Summer schools in our field generally provide the very useful opportunity of meeting physicists who work along different lines of research, as well as the opportunity of keeping abreast of new developments. All schools tend to emphasize recent theoretical advances and phenomenology, while technical questions that are of great interest to experimenters are seldom discussed. It seemed appropriate therefore to organize a summer institute that would combine topics in accelerator design, data acquisition and the like, with the more standard theoretical fare. This is the general idea that prevailed in setting up the program of the Institute at St.

This past July about sixty physicists from sixteen different countries gathered at St. Croix in the United States Virgin Islands for an Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics. The initial idea for the Institute arose one blustery and miserable day at Fermilab during discussions about all the wonderful summer schools that were prevalent throughout Europe but essentially nonexistent in the United States. I felt that it would be of great value to have an Institute that was located in a beautiful area and that catered primarily to the hard­ working experimenters who stoically suffer both the winter cold and summer heat at Fermilab. Summer schools in our field generally provide the very useful opportunity of meeting physicists who work along different lines of research, as well as the opportunity of keeping abreast of new developments. All schools tend to emphasize recent theoretical advances and phenomenology, while technical questions that are of great interest to experimenters are seldom discussed. It seemed appropriate therefore to organize a summer institute that would combine topics in accelerator design, data acquisition and the like, with the more standard theoretical fare. This is the general idea that prevailed in setting up the program of the Institute at St.

The third Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held at the Hotel on the Cay, in the scenic harbor of Christiansted, St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. Christiansted was the site of the first ASI, and it was certainly a delight to return there again. As in the previous ASI''s, the aim was to bring together a small group of promising young experimenters and several outstanding senior scholars in experimental and theoretical high energy physics in order to learn about the latest developments in the field and to strengthen contacts among scientists from different countries and different backgrounds. The institute was both a great scientific and a great social success; much of this was due to the beautiful setting and to the dedication of the Hotel management of Ray Boudreau and Hurchell Greenaway and their excellent staff. The primary support for the meeting was once again provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. The ASI was cosponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, by Fermilab, by the National Science Found­ ation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contribution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as support for worthy students from developing nations. As in the case of the previous ASI''s, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics.

The third Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held at the Hotel on the Cay, in the scenic harbor of Christiansted, St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. Christiansted was the site of the first ASI, and it was certainly a delight to return there again. As in the previous ASI's, the aim was to bring together a small group of promising young experimenters and several outstanding senior scholars in experimental and theoretical high energy physics in order to learn about the latest developments in the field and to strengthen contacts among scientists from different countries and different backgrounds. The institute was both a great scientific and a great social success; much of this was due to the beautiful setting and to the dedication of the Hotel management of Ray Boudreau and Hurchell Greenaway and their excellent staff. The primary support for the meeting was once again provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. The ASI was cosponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, by Fermilab, by the National Science Found­ ation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contribution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as support for worthy students from developing nations. As in the case of the previous ASI's, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics.

The fourth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held once again at the Hotel on the Cay, in the scenic harbor of Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The ASI brought together a total of 67 participants, from 17 different countries. It was a great success, due to the dedication of the inspiring lecturers, the exceptional student body, and, of course, the beautiful setting. The primary support for the meeting was again provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. The ASI was cosponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, by Fermilab, by the National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contri­ bution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as· support for worthy students from developing nations. As in the case of the previous ASI''s, the''scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement the material published in the first three ASI''s, and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the encouragement and support that I have continued to receive from colleagues and friends in organizing this meeting. I am indebted to the members of my Advisory Committee for their infinite patience and excellent advice. I am grateful to my distinguished lecturers for participating in the ASI.

The fourth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held once again at the Hotel on the Cay, in the scenic harbor of Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The ASI brought together a total of 67 participants, from 17 different countries. It was a great success, due to the dedication of the inspiring lecturers, the exceptional student body, and, of course, the beautiful setting. The primary support for the meeting was again provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. The ASI was cosponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, by Fermilab, by the National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contri­ bution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as· support for worthy students from developing nations. As in the case of the previous ASI's, the'scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement the material published in the first three ASI's, and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the encouragement and support that I have continued to receive from colleagues and friends in organizing this meeting. I am indebted to the members of my Advisory Committee for their infinite patience and excellent advice. I am grateful to my distinguished lecturers for participating in the ASI.

The sixth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held at the Club St. Croix, in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The ASI brought together a total of 70 participants, from 21 different countries. Despite logistical problems caused by hurricane Hugo, it was a very successful meeting. Hugo''s destruction did little to dampen the dedication of the inspiring lecturers and the exceptional enthusiasm of the student body; nevertheless, the immense damage caused to the beautiful island was very saddening indeed. The primary support for the meeting was again provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. The ASI was cosponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, by Fermilab, by the National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contribution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as support for worthy students from developing countries. As in the case of the previous ASls, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement the material published in the first five ASls, and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists.

The sixth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics was held at the Club St. Croix, in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The ASI brought together a total of 70 participants, from 21 different countries. Despite logistical problems caused by hurricane Hugo, it was a very successful meeting. Hugo's destruction did little to dampen the dedication of the inspiring lecturers and the exceptional enthusiasm of the student body; nevertheless, the immense damage caused to the beautiful island was very saddening indeed. The primary support for the meeting was again provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. The ASI was cosponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, by Fermilab, by the National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. A special contribution from the Oliver S. and Jennie R. Donaldson Charitable Trust provided an important degree of flexibility, as well as support for worthy students from developing countries. As in the case of the previous ASls, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement the material published in the first five ASls, and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists.

The Proceedings of the tenth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Tech­ niques and Concepts of High Energy Physics are dedicated to Jane and Bob Wilson. Jane joined Bob at St. Croix for the first session of this Institute, after Bob had stepped down as director of Fermilab, and was scheming to build a modest charm factory in the parking lot of Columbia University''s Nevis Laboratory. Through the years, Bob has been a great friend of the School, and much of its success and flavor can be attributed to his guidance and support. The 1998 meeting was held once again at the Hotel on the Cay, and, as before, the work and the fun went on very enjoyably. We had a to­ tal of 76 participants from 23 countries, with the main financial support for the meeting provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The ASI was co-sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), by the U.S. National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. As in the case of the previous ASIs, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement and update the material published (by Plenum) for the first nine ASIs and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists.

The original edition of Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics was used with great success for single-semester courses on nuclear and particle physics offered by American and Canadian universities at the undergraduate level. It was also translated into German, and used overseas. Being less formal but well-written, this book is a good vehicle for learning the more intuitive rather than formal aspects of the subject. It is therefore of value to scientists with a minimal background in quantum mechanics, but is sufficiently substantive to have been recommended for graduate students interested in the fields covered in the text.In the second edition, the material begins with an exceptionally clear development of Rutherford scattering and, in the four following chapters, discusses sundry phenomenological issues concerning nuclear properties and structure, and general applications of radioactivity and of the nuclear force. This is followed by two chapters dealing with interactions of particles in matter, and how these characteristics are used to detect and identify such particles. A chapter on accelerators rounds out the experimental aspects of the field. The final seven chapters deal with elementary-particle phenomena, both before and after the realization of the Standard Model. This is interspersed with discussion of symmetries in classical physics and in the quantum domain, bringing into full focus the issues concerning CP violation, isotopic spin, and other symmetries. The final three chapters are devoted to the Standard Model and to possibly new physics beyond it, emphasizing unification of forces, supersymmetry, and other exciting areas of current research.The book contains several appendices on related subjects, such as special relativity, the nature of symmetry groups, etc. There are also many examples and problems in the text that are of value in gauging the reader's understanding of the material.

This manual gives the solutions to all problems given in the book by A Das and T Ferbel. The problems are discussed in full detail, to help both the student and teacher get a better grasp of the issues brought up in the text and in the associated problems.

Experimental Techniques in High-Energy Nuclear and Particle Physics is a compilation of outstanding technical papers and reviews of the ingenious methods developed for experimentation in modern nuclear and particle physics. This book, a second edition, provides a balanced view of the major tools and technical concepts currently in use, and elucidates the basic principles that underly the detection devices. Several of the articles in this volume have never been published, or have appeared in relatively inaccessible journals. Although the emphasis is on charged-particle tracking and calorimetry, general reviews of ionization detectors and Monte Carlo techniques are also included.This book serves as a compact source of reference for graduate students and experimenters in the fields of nuclear and particle physics, seeking information on some of the major ideas and techniques developed for modern experiments in these fields.

Experimental Techniques in High-Energy Nuclear and Particle Physics is a compilation of outstanding technical papers and reviews of the ingenious methods developed for experimentation in modern nuclear and particle physics. This book, a second edition, provides a balanced view of the major tools and technical concepts currently in use, and elucidates the basic principles that underly the detection devices. Several of the articles in this volume have never been published, or have appeared in relatively inaccessible journals. Although the emphasis is on charged-particle tracking and calorimetry, general reviews of ionization detectors and Monte Carlo techniques are also included.This book serves as a compact source of reference for graduate students and experimenters in the fields of nuclear and particle physics, seeking information on some of the major ideas and techniques developed for modern experiments in these fields.