Tim Fulford – författare

Romantic Indians considers the views that Britons, colonists, and North American Indians took of each other during a period in which these people were in a closer and more fateful relationship than ever before or since. It is, therefore, also a book about exploration, empire, and the forms of representation that exploration and empire gave rise to-in particular the form we have come to call Romanticism, in which 'Indians' appear everywhere. It is not too much to say that Romanticism would not have taken the form it did without the complex and ambiguous image of Indians that so intrigued both the writers and their readers. Most of the poets of the Romantic canon wrote about them-not least Southey, Wordsworth, and Coleridge; so did many whom we have only recently brought back to attention-including Bowles, Hemans, and Barbauld. Yet Indians' formative role in the aesthetics and politics of Romanticism has rarely been considered. Tim Fulford aims to bring that formative role to our attention, to show that the images of native peoples that Romantic writers received from colonial administrators, politicians, explorers, and soldiers helped shape not only these writers' idealizations of 'savages' and tribal life, but also their depictions of nature, religion, and rural society. The romanticization of Indians soon affected the way that real native peoples were treated and described by generations of travellers who had already, before reaching the Canadian forest or the mid-western plains, encountered the literary Indians produced back in Britain. Moreover, in some cases Native Americans, writing in English, turned the romanticization of Indians to their own ends. This book highlights their achievement in doing so-featuring fascinating discussions of several little-known but brilliant Native American writers.

The Life of Nelson is one of Robert Southey’s most influential and bestselling works. This new edition will contain a comprehensive critical apparatus that will make sense of the major issues posed by the text and how it contributes to studies of both Southey and Romanticism. The edition will feature a critical and contextual introduction, which will set out the origins and composition of the text together with its publication history, as well as offer a carefully considered view of the interplay between the Life and other biographies of Nelson, bringing into view the wide array of sources and influences Southey drew from.

The Life of Wesley was one of Southey’s most influential and bestselling works. It was the first biography of John Wesley – the major figure in the largest religious movement of the eighteenth century – to be published by anyone beyond the Methodist community. In addition, it was a major history of the rise of a phenomenon that Southey and many others saw as a defining sign of contemporary history – the rise of sectarianism and of religious cults. This two-volume edition will represent the full text of the 1820 edition. It will include a comprehensive critical apparatus that will make sense of the major issues posed by the text and how it contributes to studies of both Southey and Romanticism. The edition will feature a critical and contextual introduction, which will set out the origins and composition of the text together with its publication history, as well as offer a carefully considered view of the interplay between the Life and other biographies of Wesley and accounts of Methodism, bringing into view the wide array of sources and influences Southey drew from. It will also examine the book’s reception history, incorporating material from reviews of the period and detailing the controversy it caused in the Methodist community.

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is perhaps the best-known and most widely studied literary representation of science. Yet it is by no means the only text of its time to fictionalize the latest experiments and discoveries of natural philosophers. Science was burgeoning in the years 1760-1840, revolutionising how people saw the world around them, and this extended to the literary world. This five volume set is divided into sections by scientific discipline, each illuminating a context of current interest to literary scholars. An extensive introduction is included in the first volume giving a brief history of the development of various scientific fields - including Geology, Palaeontology, Chemistry and Physics - resumes of the central texts/discoveries and their significance, and an account of their impact on literature - and sometimes, literature's impact on science. A bibliography of major scientific works and suggestions for critical reading is also provided and the set is completed with a detailed index.The set is divided as follows:Volume 1:Science and Politics; Medicine; Mesmerism; Electricity/Electro-Chemistry/Galvanism and MagnetismVolume 2:Chemistry; Heat and LightVolume 3:Astronomy; Mensuration/Instruments; Women in Science; Science and Social Change; Institutionalization; Philosophy of Science and Engineering and TechnologyVolume 4:Manufactures; Botany; Natural History and Meteorology; Exploration and the Races of Humankind: Craniology, Physiognomy, PhrenologyVolume 5:Theories of Life; Comparative Anatomy and Geology/Palaeontology

Eighteenth-century landscape description formed part of a larger debate over the nature of liberty and authority which was vital to a Britain newly defining its nationhood in a period of growing imperial power and rapid economic change. Tim Fulford examines landscape description in the writings of Thomson, Cowper, Johnson, Gilpin, Repton, Wordsworth, Coleridge and others, revealing tensions that arose as writers struggled for authority over the public sphere and sought to redefine the nature of that authority. In his investigation of poetry and political and aesthetic writing, Dr Fulford throws light on the legacy of Commonwealth and Country-party ideas of liberty. Also discussed are the significance of the Miltonic sublime, the politics of the picturesque and the post-colonial encounter of the Scottish tour. Dr Fulford goes on to show how the early radicalism and later conservatism of Wordsworth and Coleridge were shaped, in part, by eighteenth-century literary political and literary authorities. His study offers an understanding of literary and political influence that cuts across conventional periodization, finding new links between the early eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

In 1768, Captain James Cook made the most important scientific voyage of the eighteenth century. He was not alone: scores of explorers like Cook, travelling in the name of science, brought new worlds and new peoples within the horizon of European knowledge for the first time. Their discoveries changed the course of science. Old scientific disciplines, such as astronomy and botany, were transformed; new ones, like craniology and comparative anatomy, were brought into being. Scientific disciplines, in turn, pushed literature of the period towards new subjects, forms and styles. Works as diverse as Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Wordsworth's Excursion responded to the explorers' and scientists' latest discoveries. This wide-ranging and well-illustrated study shows how literary Romanticism arose partly in response to science's appropriation of explorers' encounters with foreign people and places and how it, in turn, changed the profile of science and exploration.

Eighteenth-century landscape description formed part of a larger debate over the nature of liberty and authority which was vital to a Britain newly defining its nationhood in a period of growing imperial power and rapid economic change. Tim Fulford examines landscape description in the writings of Thomson, Cowper, Johnson, Gilpin, Repton, Wordsworth, Coleridge and others, revealing tensions that arose as writers struggled for authority over the public sphere and sought to redefine the nature of that authority. In his investigation of poetry and political and aesthetic writing, Dr Fulford throws light on the legacy of Commonwealth and Country-party ideas of liberty. Also discussed are the significance of the Miltonic sublime, the politics of the picturesque and the post-colonial encounter of the Scottish tour. Dr Fulford goes on to show how the early radicalism and later conservatism of Wordsworth and Coleridge were shaped, in part, by eighteenth-century literary political and literary authorities. His study offers an understanding of literary and political influence that cuts across conventional periodization, finding new links between the early eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

In 1768, Captain James Cook made the most important scientific voyage of the eighteenth century. He was not alone: scores of explorers like Cook, travelling in the name of science, brought new worlds and new peoples within the horizon of European knowledge for the first time. Their discoveries changed the course of science. Old scientific disciplines, such as astronomy and botany, were transformed; new ones, like craniology and comparative anatomy, were brought into being. Scientific disciplines, in turn, pushed literature of the period towards new subjects, forms and styles. Works as diverse as Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Wordsworth's Excursion responded to the explorers' and scientists' latest discoveries. This wide-ranging and well-illustrated study shows how literary Romanticism arose partly in response to science's appropriation of explorers' encounters with foreign people and places and how it, in turn, changed the profile of science and exploration.

Investigating a transatlantic culture that flourished in Great Britain and North America between 1750 and 1850, this collection explains how complex relationships between Britons, Native Americans and Anglo-Americans shaped the literature and history of the age. This shaping role has all too often been ignored or misconstrued by literary critics and historians. The book's chapters examine literary texts, travel accounts, traders' memoirs, historical documents, captivity narratives, autobiographies, newspaper articles, and visual arts. Its contributors chart the rise and fall of mixed communities living on the margins of white and Indian settlements, examining the role of 'cultural brokers' who used their expertise in both white and Indian cultures to mediate between them.

The later poetry of William Wordsworth, popular in his lifetime and influential on the Victorians, has, with a few exceptions, received little attention from contemporary literary critics. In Wordsworth's Poetry, 1815-1845, Tim Fulford argues that the later work reveals a mature poet far more varied and surprising than is often acknowledged. Examining the most characteristic poems in their historical contexts, he shows Wordsworth probing the experiences and perspectives of later life and innovating formally and stylistically. He demonstrates how Wordsworth modified his writing in light of conversations with younger poets and learned to acknowledge his debt to women in ways he could not as a young man. The older Wordsworth emerges in Fulford's depiction as a love poet of companionate tenderness rather than passionate lament. He also appears as a political poet-bitter at capitalist exploitation and at a society in which vanity is rewarded while poverty is blamed. Most notably, he stands out as a history poet more probing and more clear-sighted than any of his time in his understanding of the responsibilities and temptations of all who try to memorialize the past.

Tim Fulford provides detailed readings of a range of little-known, late and difficult poems which together present an alternative Wordsworth to the one we are used to. This newly-revealed Wordsworth continued experimenting with form, genre and style as his career progressed so as to ponder the challenging experiences presented by later life. Fulford invites the reader to engage, through Wordsworth's poetry, with such broadly-felt concerns as quarantine, isolation, mental illness and bereavement. Focused yet broad in chronological scope, this study also considers the literature of Wordsworth's old age in relation to his earlier work.

Robert Southey's Essays Moral and Political, originally published in 1832, brings together many of Southey’s most influential journal pieces, providing important evidence for students of the political and literary culture of the Romantic period. Edited by Tim Fulford, this volume features a full introduction and detailed editorial notes setting the Essays in their contexts. The volume sets the Essays in the context of the political and social issues and controversies on which they comment, and will be of great interest to students and scholars of Literary and Political History.

The Lives of Uneducated Poets, written by Robert Southey and published in 1831, unites several poets under the ‘uneducated’ banner, being the first to identify them as a group and claiming their their writing was worth consideration as that of a class. The book's foundational role contributes to the current interest in labouring-class/self-educated poetry and nineteenth-century history and culture. Accompanied by a new introduction written by Southey scholar Tim Fulford, this title will be of great interest to students and scholars of Literary History.

This volume reproduces the full biography from the Robert Southey's 1836 Life and Works of William Cowper. Comprehensive critical apparatus written by Southey scholar Tim Fulford will assist the reader in making sense of the major issues posed by the text and consider how it contributes to studies of Southey, Cowper and Romanticism. This title will be of great interest to students and scholars of literary history.

First published in 1821, Robert Southey’s 'Expedition of Orsua and the Crimes of Aguirre' is the first account in English of one of the earliest expeditions down the Amazon River, made in the years 1560-1 by a renegade band of Spanish conquistadors in search of El Dorado.This sensational story features mutiny, madness, and murder– the total breakdown of order among power-hungry colonists as they are carried further and further into the immense jungle and further and further from European settlements. This edition contains a comprehensive critical apparatus that make sense of the major issues posed by the text and show how it contributes to studies of Southey, of colonialism and of travel/exploration writing in the nineteenth century more widely. The volume features a critical and contextual introduction, which sets out the origins and composition of the text together with its publication history, as well as offer a carefully considered view of the interplay between it and other narratives of exploration of the period, bringing into view the wide array of sources and influences Southey drew from.This book will be of interest to students and scholars of 19th century literature and history.

This volume features some of the most controversial and topical science writing of the period. Investigations of the human body led to vexed debates about the nature and origins of life – materialism vs. spiritualism. Anatomical studies demonstrated humans’ likeness to other mammals; these, combined with studies of fossil bones of extinct creatures, led to theories of evolution that laid the groundwork for Charles Darwin; they also led to arguments about the origins and development of racial difference, some of which proved historically dangerous in that they lent authority to racist assumptions about the supposed inferiority of people of colour.

This was the heroic period of plant collection: Europeans now had the means to collect and study flora and fauna from all over the world; they also developed classificatory systems that allowed them to create universal schema for plant reproduction and animal organization. This was also the period in which geology came of age (and acquired its name) as studies of strata enabled the earth to be understood as millions of years old – undermining Biblical authority (and again laying the basis of theories of evolution). The rocks revealed vast forces folding, faulting and eroding the land over eons; they also yielded fossils that were now used as keys to dating and that demonstrated that whole species had become extinct, again undermining biblical teaching.

These areas of enquiry were related in the period: the chemical changes produced by heat were the subject of intense investigation in an effort to provide a comprehensive account of why and how substances combined. Priestley’s isolation of gases was made under the aegis of a phlogiston theory; this was superseded by Lavoisier’s caloric theory, which was in turn undermined by Davy’s discovery of chlorine’s role in reactions. New gases were discovered – oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide; photosynthesis was postulated; infrared and ultraviolet rays were detected. The Voltaic pile was a spectacular instrument for harnessing electricity – Davy used it to decompose substances, reveal unknown elements, and show that substances were bonded by electrochemical forces. Dalton codified the operation of these forces – and the structure of matter – in his atomic theory. Meanwhile Herschel, when not detecting infra red, was observing previously invisible points of light in the heavens with improved telescopes, while Young was proposing a wave theory of light. Towards the end of the period, Oersted and then Faraday began the pioneering work on electromagnetism that changed understanding of the interaction of forces and enabled the construction of the electric motor.

This volume draws together texts revealing the increased and varied roles that science played in society at large, beyond the laboratory, the learned society and the scientific journal. Women's science writing, sampled here, was often professedly designed to educate a lay - usually female - readership. The emphasis was less on new discovery than on clear explanation, often in form of dialogue between a young woman and instructor. It became very successful, initiating a genre of popular science writing that continues to this day. It helped to establish the figure of the ‘scientist’ (a figure first named in this period) as a man of authority. Davy and Coleridge raised him to the level of a master of nature; Babbage called for his – and science’s – professionalization and institutional support. Whewell and Herschel established disciplinary boundaries and defined methodology and proper limits of enquiry (in face of fears that science was usurping religious belief). This was the period in which science became institutionalized and professionalized, with the founding of the Medical Pneumatic Institution by Beddoes—Britain’s first medical research establishment, of the Royal Institution by Rumford and others (where Davy and Faraday would make momentous discoveries) and of the Mechanics’ Institutes by Brougham and others (where science and technology would be disseminated to working men). Working men were, by the 1830s, often ‘mechanics’—engineers—in mills, factories and forges, in what Carlyle defined as an age of machinery and mechanisms. The impact of mechanization – steam engines, power looms, threshing machines – was enormous, radically altering human society and the natural world, bringing about today’s world of mass, globalized industry, rapid travel, standardized production, and rapacious exploitation of the earth.

The long-established association of Romanticism with youth has resulted in the early poems of the Lake Poets being considered the most significant. Tim Fulford challenges the tendency to overlook the later poetry of no longer youthful poets, which has had the result of neglecting the Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey of the 1820s and leaving unexamined the three poets' rise to popularity in the 1830s and 1840s. He offers a fresh perspective on the Lake Poets as professional writers shaping long careers through new work, as well as the republication of their early successes. The theme of lateness, incorporating revision, recollection, age and loss, is examined within contexts including gender, visual art, and the commercial book market. Fulford investigates the Lake Poets' later poems for their impact now, while also exploring their historical effects in their own time and counting the costs of their omission from Romanticism.

Investigating a transatlantic culture that flourished in Great Britain and North America between 1750 and 1850, this collection explains how complex relationships between Britons, Native Americans and Anglo-Americans shaped the literature and history of the age. This shaping role has all too often been ignored or misconstrued by literary critics and historians. The book's chapters examine literary texts, travel accounts, traders' memoirs, historical documents, captivity narratives, autobiographies, newspaper articles, and visual arts. Its contributors chart the rise and fall of mixed communities living on the margins of white and Indian settlements, examining the role of 'cultural brokers' who used their expertise in both white and Indian cultures to mediate between them.

This new collection enables students and general readers to appreciate Coleridge's renewed relevance 250 years after his birth. An indispensable guide to his writing for twenty-first-century readers, it contains new perspectives that reframe his work in relation to slavery, race, war, post-traumatic stress disorder and ecological crisis. Through detailed engagement with Coleridge's pioneering poetry, the reader is invited to explore fundamental questions on themes ranging from nature and trauma to gender and sexuality. Essays by leading Coleridge scholars analyse and render accessible his extraordinarily innovative thinking about dreams, psychoanalysis, genius and symbolism. Coleridge is often a direct and gripping writer, yet he is also elusive and diverse. This Companion's great achievement is to offer a one-volume entry point into his incomparably rich and varied world.

This new collection enables students and general readers to appreciate Coleridge's renewed relevance 250 years after his birth. An indispensable guide to his writing for twenty-first-century readers, it contains new perspectives that reframe his work in relation to slavery, race, war, post-traumatic stress disorder and ecological crisis. Through detailed engagement with Coleridge's pioneering poetry, the reader is invited to explore fundamental questions on themes ranging from nature and trauma to gender and sexuality. Essays by leading Coleridge scholars analyse and render accessible his extraordinarily innovative thinking about dreams, psychoanalysis, genius and symbolism. Coleridge is often a direct and gripping writer, yet he is also elusive and diverse. This Companion's great achievement is to offer a one-volume entry point into his incomparably rich and varied world.

Combining historical poetics and book history, Romantic Poetry and Literary Coteries shows Romanticism as characterized by tropes and forms that were jointly produced by literary circles. To show these connections, Fulford pulls from a wealth of print material including political squibs, magazine essays, illustrated tour poems, and journals.

The Regency Revisited reconfigures Romantic Studies through a neglected timeframe. Other topics include Blake and popular art, Regency science (Humphry Davy), Moore and parlour songs, Cockney writing and Pierce Egan, and Anna Barbauld and the collecting and exhibiting that was so popular an aspect of Regency London.

Central to any reappraisal of Southey’s mid to late career, is 'Roderick'. This best-selling epic romance has not been republished since 1838 and is contextualised here within Southey’s wider oeuvre. The four-volume edition also benefits from a general introduction, volume introductions, textual variants, endnotes and a consolidated index.

Central to any reappraisal of Southey’s mid to late career, is 'Roderick'. This best-selling epic romance has not been republished since 1838 and is contextualised here within Southey’s wider oeuvre. The four-volume edition also benefits from a general introduction, volume introductions, textual variants, endnotes and a consolidated index.

Central to any reappraisal of Southey’s mid to late career, is 'Roderick'. This best-selling epic romance has not been republished since 1838 and is contextualised here within Southey’s wider oeuvre. The four-volume edition also benefits from a general introduction, volume introductions, textual variants, endnotes and a consolidated index.

Central to any reappraisal of Southey’s mid to late career, is 'Roderick'. This best-selling epic romance has not been republished since 1838 and is contextualised here within Southey’s wider oeuvre. The four-volume edition also benefits from a general introduction, volume introductions, textual variants, endnotes and a consolidated index.