Timothy Messer-Kruse – författare

The Haymarket Conspiracy: Transatlantic Anarchist Networks traces the evolution of revolutionary anarchist ideas in Europe and their migration to the United States in the 1880s. A new history of the transatlantic origins of American anarchism, this study thoroughly debunks the dominant narrative through which most historians interpret the Haymarket Bombing and Trial of 1886–87. Challenging the view that there was no evidence connecting the eight convicted workers to the bomb throwing at the Haymarket rally, Timothy Messer-Kruse examines police investigations and trial proceedings that reveal the hidden transatlantic networks, the violent subculture, and the misunderstood beliefs of Gilded Age anarchists. Messer-Kruse documents how, in the 1880s, radicals on both sides of the Atlantic came to celebrate armed struggle as the one true way forward and began to prepare seriously for conflict. Within this milieu, he suggests the possibility of a "Haymarket conspiracy": a coordinated plan of attack in which the oft-martyred Haymarket radicals in fact posed a real threat to public order and safety. Drawing on new, never-before published historical evidence, The Haymarket Conspiracy provides a new means of understanding the revolutionary anarchist movement on its own terms rather than in the romantic ways in which its agents have been eulogized.

The Haymarket Conspiracy: Transatlantic Anarchist Networks traces the evolution of revolutionary anarchist ideas in Europe and their migration to the United States in the 1880s. A new history of the transatlantic origins of American anarchism, this study thoroughly debunks the dominant narrative through which most historians interpret the Haymarket Bombing and Trial of 1886–87. Challenging the view that there was no evidence connecting the eight convicted workers to the bomb throwing at the Haymarket rally, Timothy Messer-Kruse examines police investigations and trial proceedings that reveal the hidden transatlantic networks, the violent subculture, and the misunderstood beliefs of Gilded Age anarchists. Messer-Kruse documents how, in the 1880s, radicals on both sides of the Atlantic came to celebrate armed struggle as the one true way forward and began to prepare seriously for conflict. Within this milieu, he suggests the possibility of a "Haymarket conspiracy": a coordinated plan of attack in which the oft-martyred Haymarket radicals in fact posed a real threat to public order and safety. Drawing on new, never-before published historical evidence, The Haymarket Conspiracy provides a new means of understanding the revolutionary anarchist movement on its own terms rather than in the romantic ways in which its agents have been eulogized.

In the 1980s, many Americans began to believe that racial problems and institutional discrimination were a thing of the past, but the race issue turned out to be as divisive and powerful as it had ever been. Major events related to race included the Reagan/Carter presidential race, Jesse Jackson's 1984 presidential campaign, the Tawana Brawley case, and President George H. W. Bush's manipulation in his 1998 presidential campaign of convict Willie Horton. The 1990s saw the Immigration Act of 1990 allowing more Asians into the United States, the Anita Hill testimony against the first black U.S. Supreme Court Justice, the Rodney King beating in Los Angeles, and the Million Man March. This volume is THE content-rich source in a desirable decade-by-decade organization to help students and general readers understand the crucial race relations of the recent past. Race Relations in the United States, 1980-2000 provides comprehensive reference coverage of the key events, influential voices, race relations by group, legislation, media influences, cultural output, and theories of inter-group interactions.The volume covers two decades with a standard format coverage per decade, including Timeline, Overview, Key Events, Voices of the Decade, Race Relations by Group, Law and Government, Media and Mass Communications, Cultural Scene, Influential Theories and Views of Race Relations, Resource Guide. This format allows comparison of topics through the decades. The bulk of the coverage is topical essays, written in a clear, encyclopedic style. Historical photos, a selected bibliography, and index complement the text.

'A masterly analysis of slavery and republicanism from the left. A stunning achievement' - Gerald HorneTimely and controversial, The Patriots' Dilemma confronts longstanding interpretations of U.S. history that emphasize a fundamental conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery interests. By 1776, influential American patriots acknowledged that slavery was incompatible with the ideals of the republic. But a republic for whom?As Timothy Messer-Kruse argues, their real motivations have been misinterpreted for more than 200 years. The Framers were primarily concerned with the protection and betterment of the white community, not the liberation of enslaved black people. The conundrum was that slavery had to end because it created what they saw as a dangerous population, but it could not be abolished without endangering their (white) republic.Their solutions included schemes to banish former slaves to the western frontier or overseas, to exclude them from the category of 'citizen', to make their emancipation gradual, and to tightly police African American communities.

Slavery's Fugitives and the Making of the United States Constitution unearths a long-hidden factor that led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. While historians have generally acknowledged that patriot leaders assembled in response to postwar economic chaos, the threat of popular insurgencies, and the inability of the states to agree on how to fund the national government, Timothy Messer-Kruse suggests that scholars have discounted Americans' desire to compel Britain to return fugitives from slavery as a driving force behind the convention.During the Revolutionary War, British governors offered freedom to enslaved Americans who joined the king's army. Thousands responded by fleeing to English camps. After the British defeat at Yorktown, American diplomats demanded the surrender of fugitive slaves. When British generals refused, several states confiscated Loyalist estates and blocked payment of English creditors, hoping to apply enough pressure on the Crown to hand over the runaways. State laws conflicting with the 1783 Treaty of Paris violated the Articles of Confederation the young nation's first constitution but Congress, lacking an executive branch or a federal judiciary, had no means to obligate states to comply. The standoff over the escaped slaves quickly escalated following the Revolution as Britain failed to abandon the western forts it occupied and took steps to curtail American commerce. More than any other single matter, the impasse over the return of enslaved Americans threatened to hamper the nation's ability to expand westward, develop its commercial economy, and establish itself as a power among the courts of Europe. Messer-Kruse argues that the issue encouraged the founders to consider the prospect of scrapping the Articles of Confederation and drafting a superseding document that would dramatically increase federal authority the Constitution.

Examining the social and intellectual collision of the American reform tradition with immigrant Marxism during the Reconstruction era, this text charts the rise and fall of the International Workingman's Association (IWA). The IWA's attraction to American reformers (including those involved in women's rights), the effect they had on the American Left, and the reasons behind their ultimate purging from the IWA by more orthodox Marxists are all examined. The ideology and activities of the Yankee Internationalists are also explored, as the author traces the evolution of antebullum American reformers' thinking on questions such as wage labour. Linked to this is the exposition and analysis of how American reformers' priorities of racial and sexual equality clashed with their Marxist partners' strategy of infiltrating the trade union movement. It is argued that, ultimately, Marxist demands for party discipline and ideological unity proved incompatible with the Yankees' innate republicanism. This resulted in the expulsion of the Yankees from the IWA in 1871 and the separation of Marxism from the American reform tradition.

Examining the social and intellectual collision of the Americanreform tradition with immigrant Marxism during the Reconstructionera, Timothy Messer-Kruse charts the rise and fall of theInternational Workingman''s Association (IWA), the firstinternational socialist organization. He analyzes what attractedAmerican reformers--many of them veterans of antebellum crusades for abolition, women''s rights, and other radical causes--to the IWA, how their presence affected the course of the American Left, and why they were ultimately purged from the IWA by their orthodox Marxist comrades. Messer-Kruse explores the ideology and activities of theYankee Internationalists, tracing the evolution of antebellumAmerican reformers'' thinking on the question of wage labor andilluminating the beginnings of a broad labor reform coalition inthe early years of Reconstruction. He shows how Americanreformers'' priority of racial and sexual equality clashed withtheir Marxist partners'' strategy of infiltrating trade unions.Ultimately, he argues, Marxist demands for party discipline andideological unity proved incompatible with the Yankees'' nativerepublicanism. With the expulsion of Yankee reformers from theIWA in 1871, American Marxism was divorced from the Americanreform tradition.