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164 produkter
164 produkter
1 038 kr
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The Review of Maritime Transport is an UNCTAD flagship publication, published annually since 1968. Around 80 per cent of the volume of international trade in goods is carried by sea, and the percentage is even higher for most developing countries. The Review of Maritime Transport provides an analysis of structural and cyclical changes affecting seaborne trade, ports and shipping, as well as an extensive collection of statistical information. The report calls for a 'just and equitable transition' to a decarbonized shipping industry. The sector, whose greenhouse gas emissions have risen 20% over the last decade, operates an ageing fleet that runs almost exclusively on fossil fuels. As global leaders prepare for the next UN climate conference (COP28), UNCTAD advocates for system-wide collaboration, swift regulatory intervention and stronger investments in green technologies and fleets. Full decarbonisation by 2050 will require massive investments and could lead to higher maritime logistics costs, raising concerns for vulnerable shipping-reliant nations like small island developing states. The report emphasizes the need to balance environmental goals with economic needs but underscores that the cost of inaction far outweighs the required investments. The report recommends policy actions to overcome supply chain hurdles African countries face, including poor logistics, low levels of technology, fragmented markets, limited capital sources, and weak institutions and regulations. Beyond cleaner fuels, the industry needs to move faster towards digital solutions like AI and blockchain to improve efficiency as well as sustainability. In its analysis of global maritime trends, the report highlights shipping's resilience despite major challenges stemming from global crises, such as the war in Ukraine. Maritime trade is expected to grow 2.4% in 2023 and more than 3% between 2024 and 2028
274 kr
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The following publication comprises a comprehensive compilation of the primary Port Performance Indicators and explores their connections to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs).
969 kr
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In 2023, the combined GDP of the LDCs was 10 per cent below the level it would have reached had the pre-pandemic (2010-2019) growth trend been sustained. As a result, at least an additional 15 million people in LDCs are now living in extreme poverty, with their governments severely constrained in their ability to sustain adequate investments in public services or invest in advancing development progress. The Report highlights the urgent need for concerted action to restore fiscal space in LDCs through the lasting resolution of the debt crisis, reform of the international financial architecture, and the mobilization of climate finance to enable needed investments towards low-carbon transition and green structural transformation. Without which, the SDGs and sustainable development cannot be realised. The Report advances several recommendations aimed at advancing the reform of global development finance, which in its current state, is deficient in terms of its quantity, quality, structure, cost and ease of accessibility. The Report also contains a detailed analysis of the possible role of central banks in shaping the financing of sustainable development and green structural transformation in LDCs. While the contribution of central banks to dealing with climate change has been discussed in developed countries, this is the first time this type of analysis is done in the context of the LDCs.
1 503 kr
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The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics was first launched in 1967. Over the past 50 years, the handbook has evolved to incorporate new statistics and ensure that readers have access to the best possible information available. The 2023 edition of the Handbook continues in this tradition of excellence and innovation. As in previous years, this edition showcases 'nowcasted' estimates for total merchandised trade, total services trade and GDP.
221 kr
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This third Implementation Review provides an updated analysis of how eT Readies, and the policy recommendations they offer, are leveraged to strengthen countries' ability to engage in and benefit from e-commerce. It shows how eT Ready partner countries are transforming their e-commerce development agenda, establishing governmental processes and systems to coordinate the implementation of e-commerce policy actions and operationalize enabling reforms, and expanding smart partnerships to grow sustainably their e-commerce ecosystem. The report also illustrates the multifaceted challenges encountered in the implementation process and recognizes that more efforts are needed to foster an inclusive whole of government/whole of society approach.
203 kr
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The study provides an overview of the antitrust compliance programmes currently being implemented in Latin America. It also offers a synthesis of the best practices in the application of these programmes at the international level. Finally, it contributes to improve the application of these programmes through a series of interesting recommendations.
Towards a Statistical Framework for the Measurement of Tax and Commercial Illicit Financial Flows
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
400 kr
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This paper focuses on efforts by eleven African countries to measure tax and commercial IFFs. It reviews and assesses development of concepts and methods, and their pilot testing. As such, it draws from existing work and documents of custodian agencies and provides (further) methodological inputs into ongoing development of suggested statistical methodologies to measure tax and commercial IFFs and feed into global reporting on SDG indicator 16.4.1.
274 kr
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The eTrade Readiness Assessment of Ghana expands UNCTADs ongoing e-commerce technical assistance in West Africa, in alignment with the ECOWAS E-Commerce Strategy adopted in July 2023. Building on eight national assessments and two regional assessments, for the West African Economic Monetary Union and the Economic Community of West African States, this assessment details the challenges and policy gaps prevalent within Ghana's burgeoning e-commerce sector as well as Ghana's potential to harness national initiatives and government-backed projects to foster the growth of the digital economy. The policy recommendations outlined in Ghana's eT Ready report are strategically tailored to foster a more inclusive and sustainable development trajectory. They are designed to support Ghana's Industrial Transformation Programme and Digitalization Agenda, aligning with ongoing efforts by ECOWAS members to advance e-commerce within the region through the ECOWAS E-commerce Strategy.
227 kr
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This report examines through empirical research and policy analysis the internationalization process of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), shedding light on the key factors, challenges, and strategies essential for harnessing the global potential of these dynamic enterprises. The objective of this report is to offer a practical guide to policymakers for the promotion and facilitation of SMEs inward and outward investment. It aims to identify ways and means both to attract FDI by (foreign) SMEs and to support the internationalization of (domestic) SMEs, to maximize their development benefits. The report presents new insights and real-world examples of SMEs that have successfully navigated international markets, emphasizing the lessons learned and best practices and illustrating the impact of supportive government policies and initiatives on SMEs' global ventures.
350 kr
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UNCTAD Model Law on Competition (Model Law) has been developed by member States' representatives gathered in UNCTAD intergovernmental meetings to provide guidance on competition legislations, particularly for developing countries that are not familiar with this field, recognizing their interest to be able to take appropriate actions towards anticompetitive practices. The discussion on the Model Law in UNCTAD dates back to the 1970s, when only around 20 jurisdictions in the world had competition laws and authorities, and most were developed countries. This publication revisits the Model Law from different angles; the origin and history of the Model Law, as well as its negotiation are discussed. Testimonials from young competition authorities from developing countries share the relevance of the Model Law in the drafting of their own competition laws and refer to the implications of the Model Law to developing countries.
203 kr
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Competition authorities around the world have recognized the risks posed to competition by the emerging digital platforms and have been making efforts to address them. They have grappled with the challenge of striking a balance between mitigating the detrimental effects of conduct which limits competition in the digital sector and fostering innovation by digital platforms. This report examines enforcement cases, emerging legislation, soft law approaches including guidelines and market studies cases targeted at digital platforms from around the world for the benefit of policy-makers and competition authorities responsible for monitoring and, where necessary, addressing the changes the digital economy is bringing to the competitive landscape. It is intended to inform them of the policy options being implemented and considered, and the existing tools being leveraged, by their counterparts around the world. This includes understanding the different policy drivers that could explain any differences in approach. This report also explores how international cooperation can improve and advance responses to those concerns and the potential role of UNCTAD in facilitating that cooperation.
Double Taxation Treaties and Their Implications for Investment
What Investment Policymakers Need to Know
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
203 kr
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This guide complements the "twin" guide on international investment agreements (IIAs) and their implications for tax measures published in 2021 by UNCTAD in cooperation with the WU Global Tax Policy Center. It equally aims to stimulate interaction between investment policymakers and DTT negotiators. This guide aims to bridge the gap between investment and tax policy, complementing a previous guide on IIAs. Its detailed exploration of DTTs, providing insights into their structure, functioning, and impact on international investment, advocates for a synergistic approach between tax and investment policymaking. The guide emphasizes the importance of coherent policies to support sustainable development and economic growth.
Ocean of Opportunities: the Potential of Seaweed to Advance Food, Environmental and Gender Dimensions of the SDGs
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
221 kr
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This study aims to enhance our comprehension of the seaweed sector as a tripartite vector for economic growth, environmental sustainability, and women's economic empowerment. It builds upon the outcomes of the 4th United Nations Oceans Forum (UNOF), the 2023 Trade and Environment Review (TER), and expert interviews to present the interlinkages of the seaweed sector with food and nutrition, environmental and climate goals. The study adopts a gender lens, paying attention to women's participation throughout the seaweed value chain. Seaweed's growing popularity offers potential to increase economic income, food security, preserve marine biodiversity, and empower women along the value chains. Seaweed farming and processing demonstrate how development, climate, and nature can work together to generate value that uplifts coastal communities, including women and Indigenous Peoples. Seaweed has multiple uses including for food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, aquatic animal, or livestock feed, biofertilizer, textiles, and biofuels. It can also be used for producing fully biodegradable and compostable biomass for non-plastics substitute and plastic alternatives.
203 kr
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In the digital era and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic environment, the word 'alternative' in ADR has become less meaningful. Its implied optional status relative to litigation is coming into question as experts increasingly recognize its necessity. Apart from ADR, there often exists few other practical and viable options through which consumers can resolve disputes effectively, especially for low value disputes. For the average consumer, litigation is not only costly financially and timewise, but the complex processes and legal jargons can be daunting as well. These factors can deter consumers from pursuing remedy altogether. For these reasons, policymakers and practitioners have been advocating for ADR and ODR as the primary avenues for consumers who seek redress and justice. Moreover, civil court judges have been using 'ODR' to refer to e-litigation and e-courts that are specifically designed and implemented with consumers in mind, despite ostensibly contradicting the very meaning of ODR as an out-of-court option. Third-party, independent CDR schemes provided by public authorities, not-for-profit organizations (such as consumer association or publicly funded corporations), and for-profit private sector or commercial bodies most often appear in the ADR/ODR category, and they can also include in-house business or e-commerce platform customer services. The outcome of these approaches may be advisory (non-binding) or determinative (binding).
327 kr
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The Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy Review of Seychelles was conducted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) at the request of the Government of Seychelles. The request was made in the context of the UNCTAD project on Technology Assessment in the energy and agricultural sectors in Africa to accelerate progress on science, technology and innovation, and this Review is one of its products. The review of Seychelles' National Innovation System (NIS) and the implementation of its 2016-2025 national Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy and Strategy (STIPS) suggests a range of policy actions and institutional reforms. These recommendations are essential for invigorating the NIS, thereby enabling Seychelles to harness STI and entrepreneurship effectively to achieve the goals set in Vision 2033 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This report reviews the implementation of the 2016-2025 STI Policy and Strategy (STIPS) and assess the country's national innovation system.
327 kr
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The SDG Pulse Series is UNCTAD's annual statistical publication reporting on developments relating to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The purpose of this series is to: provide an update on the evolution of a selection of official SDG indicators and complementary data and statistics; provide progress reports on the development of new concepts and methodologies for UNCTAD custodian indicators. This series aims to showcase, beyond the perspective of the formal SDG indicators, how UNCTAD is contributing to the implementation of 2030 Agenda. Released annually, each version of the SDG Pulse highlights a thematic issue of immediate relevance to the 2030 Agenda.
Digital Economy Report 2024
Shaping an Environmentally Sustainable and Inclusive Digital Future
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
915 kr
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The Digital Economy Report 2024 turns the attention to the environmental footprint of digitalization. The Report discusses environmental impacts along the life cycle of digital devices and information and communications technology infrastructure with regard to raw material extraction and processing, manufacturing, distribution; use and the end-of-life phase. The direct effects on natural resources, including transition minerals, energy and water, as well as greenhouse gas emissions and waste-related pollution can be said to constitute the "environmental footprint" of the ICT sector. There are also indirect environmental effects from the use of digital technologies and services in different sectors of the economy, and the Report includes a dedicated chapter on e-commerce. The report underlines the need to maximize the positive impact of digitalization while minimizing the negative impacts on environmental sustainability.
337 kr
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This annual report describes the activities, achievements and financial situation of the DMFAS Programme of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) at the end of 2023. It is intended for the Programme's donors, development partners and beneficiary countries, and for all those interested in debt and development issues.
350 kr
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UNCTAD Voluntary Peer Reviews on Competition Law and Policy have been facilitated by UNCTAD since 2005, promoting the exchange of experience and knowledge between advanced and less experienced Competition Authorities and fostering international cooperation. These exercises are one of the technical cooperation products of UNCTAD in the field of competition law and policy, being included in the UNCTAD Toolbox (2020). The voluntary peer review on competition law and policy of Egypt is the second of an Arab member State (the first one was Tunisia in 2006). The scope of this exercise is focused on the substantive provisions of Egyptian competition law and enforcement practices of the Egypt Competition Authority (ECA), as well as ECA's international cooperation, and the gathering of the necessary information and testimonials which is currently underway. It will contribute to the improvement of Egypt's legal and institutional framework, law enforcement and cooperation on competition law and policy between relevant stakeholders.
793 kr
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The publication presents and analyses the findings of the third reporting exercise under the Water Convention, which was carried out in 2023. Progress made in the implementation of the Convention is reviewed and summarised, together with the identification of significant trends, success, challenges and opportunities concerning transboundary water cooperation. Today, the membership of the Water Convention is steadily growing, reconfirming its role as a legal framework for transboundary water cooperation worldwide and transforming its intergovernmental platform into a major forum for international debate on transboundary cooperation, peace and sustainable development. The report aims to strengthen the understanding of the requirements of the Convention and to contribute to its effective implementation and to improved transboundary water cooperation worldwide.
International Fisheries Access Agreements
Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Development Impacts
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
350 kr
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This publication is part of UNCTAD's ongoing work on sustainably harnessing the potential of fisheries and aquaculture for socioeconomic development in countries with rich marine and freshwater resources. Complementing the findings and conclusions of earlier studies, this publication analyses distant-water fishing and provides a comparative analysis of IFAAs and related research with a view to identifying gaps and challenges, and synthetizing experiences, success stories and best practices. It argues that, despite substantive improvement in many countries, several developing regions still lack the capacity and resources to manage their EEZ fisheries properly and assess the appropriate basis on which to negotiate sound, fair and unharmful IFAAs. Therefore, coastal States should be well prepared and trained to deal with the challenge of negotiating IFAAs with beneficial and sustainable access conditions, managing their fisheries resources, and monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules and conditions of IFAAs. The report provides a series of recommendations on why, when and how best to use IFAAs to secure income, improve global fisheries sustainability, and support value addition and exports, with a focus on the livelihoods of coastal fishing communities and their access to resources, services and markets. In doing so, the report draws lessons for small island developing States (SIDS) and LDCs, where UNCTAD is implementing fisheries development projects. These insights can help to guide the formulation and implementation of targeted policies relevant for negotiating and enforcing IFAAs.
447 kr
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At a time when digital connectivity defines our lives, the importance of data in shaping the trajectory of global development cannot be understated. This publication seeks to unravel the multifaceted relationship between data and sustainable development, probing into its vast potential and the inherent risks, especially in the context of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Through an in-depth exploration of relevant literature and country case studies contributed by the members of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD) and international organizations, we aim to offer a comprehensive understanding of how nations, both developed and developing, can harness data as a formidable ally in their quest for sustainable progress. In this publication, we uncover the channels through which data can invigorate developmental initiatives, streamline production systems, and champion evidence-informed policymaking-all of which culminate in the realization of the SDGs. The publication examines the impact of data-centric business models, such as digital platforms, elucidating their propensity to engender imbalances in labor markets, market competition, and consumption patterns.
557 kr
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The Creative Economy Outlook is a report by UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) that provides insights into the creative economy and international trade in creative goods and services. The report covers recent trends and developments in creative industries and international trade of creative products. This year's report focuses on sustainability efforts, competition challenges, and the impact of digitalization and artificial intelligence on the creative economy.
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Global maritime trade grew by 2.4% in 2023, recovering from a 2022 contraction, but the recovery remains fragile. Key chokepoints like the Suez and Panama Canals are increasingly vulnerable to geopolitical tensions, conflicts and climate change. These disruptions are extending shipping routes, straining supply chains and raising costs, with profound impacts on food security, energy supplies and the global economy, as over 80% of world trade volume is carried by sea. Vulnerable economies, especially small island developing States and least developed countries, are hit hardest by rising shipping costs from rerouted vessels. The Review of Maritime Transport 2024 highlights these challenges, calling for urgent action to strengthen industry resilience, accelerate decarbonization and support vulnerable economies. It underscores the need for new infrastructure that is sustainable and resilient, a faster transition to low-carbon shipping and a crackdown on fraudulent ship registrations to safeguard global trade.
Changing Battery Chemistries and Implications for Critical Minerals Supply Chains
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
327 kr
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The aim of this report is to provide a comprehensive analysis of rechargeable battery chemistries with respect to key characteristics such as technical performance, competitiveness of each chemistry, and environmental sustainability. In addition, the report discusses trade opportunities of the raw materials needed in a variety of battery chemistries. The report also aims to provide policymakers with information that will contribute to designing effective strategies to leverage their resources to foster economic growth, and policies to promote recycling of raw materials, given the growing demand for rechargeable batteries and the finite nature of raw materials.
Non-tariff Measures and Deep Regulatory Integration in the African Continental Free Trade Area
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
227 kr
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The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement was signed by the majority of African Union Member States in March 2018, ratified by the required number of countries by May 2019, and came into force in January 2021. If all members ratify it, the agreement will bring together 1.2 billion people with a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of more than US$ 3 trillion. Regional integration is contributing to economic prosperity and sustainable development. Achieving the aim of "Creating One African Market" will critically depend on addressing non-tariff measures (NTMs) – not only tariffs. The global economic restrictiveness of NTMs is several times higher than that of current tariffs. This report analyses the most recent non-tariff measures (NTMs) data, collected over the last 4 years and covering two-thirds of the continent. Based on this data, we estimate Africa-specific ad-valorem equivalents of NTMs and assess the cost-reducing potential of regulatory convergence. The potential impacts of adhering to international and regional standards will also be estimated.
Least Developed Countries Report 2024
Leveraging Carbon Markets for Development
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
969 kr
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Policymakers in the least developed countries are under pressure to transform carbon markets into a viable pathway to deliver on the Sustainable Development Goals and low-carbon structural transformation. This begs the question of whether and how these markets can both address the unique challenges of these countries and help them to contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change. The report highlights the outcomes of past and current participation by least developed countries in carbon markets and identifies opportunities and risks from the emerging framework for carbon markets under the Paris Agreement. Towards the maximization of the benefits of carbon markets for LDCs, the report provides actionable recommendations for least developed country policymakers and climate negotiators, and for their development partners.
Trade and Development Report 2024
Rethinking Development in the Age of Discontent
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
997 kr
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The Trade and Development Report 2024 forecasts global growth in gross domestic product of 2.7 per cent for 2024 and 2025, marking three consecutive years below the 3 per cent pre-pandemic growth trend. Regionally, South Asia displays the most dynamic growth. The three major powers of the global economy – China, the United States of America and the European Union – are on decelerating or weakened growth trajectories. Despite the context of a turbocharged technological revolution, the much-needed acceleration in economic activity to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals remains elusive for many countries in the global South trapped by a confluence of high debt burdens, financial and resource outflows, weak investment and enforced austerity. Only 1 of the 46 least developed countries is currently meeting the promise of a 7 per cent annual growth target under the global Goals.
337 kr
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Since the 1970's, non-reciprocal trade preferences have sought to support developing countries' export growth and diversification, but their effect may soon fade away with major changes in the dynamics of international trade. Is the case for trade preferences still valid today? Should we conceive any alternative approaches? The first issue of the Trade Preference Outlook reviews past achievements, takes stock of the current state of play and discusses the future of trade preferences, to stimulate policy discussion.
Technology and Innovation Report 2025
Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Development
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
887 kr
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Frontier technologies, in particular AI, bring about profound ramifications in the way the economy and societies work. This disruptive change, coupled with the accelerating pace at which new technologies emerge and the global dimension reached by their diffusion and effects, make policymakers struggle to navigate and design responsive Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policies. The TIR2025 report will analyze, especially from the perspective of developing countries, the socio-economic implications of the technological shift lead by frontier technologies with a focus on AI. The report will discuss and draw implications on AI policies, as well as the international actions needed to guarantee that technological progress will benefit all.