Floating-point arithmetic is the most widely used way of implementing real-number arithmetic on modern computers. However, making such an arithmetic reliable and portable, yet fast, is a very difficult task. As a result, floating-point arithmetic is far from being exploited to its full potential. This handbook aims to provide a complete overview of modern floating-point arithmetic. So that the techniques presented can directly be put into practice in actual coding or design, they are illustrated, whenever possible, by a corresponding program in C.The handbook is designed for programmers of numerical applications, compiler designers, programmers of floating-point algorithms, designers of arithmetic operators, and more generally, students and researchers in numerical analysis who wish to better understand a tool used in their daily work and research.

This handbook is a definitive guide to the effective use of modern floating-point arithmetic, which has considerably evolved, from the frequently inconsistent floating-point number systems of early computing to the recent IEEE 754-2008 standard. Most of computational mathematics depends on floating-point numbers, and understanding their various implementations will allow readers to develop programs specifically tailored for the standard’s technical features. Algorithms for floating-point arithmetic are presented throughout the book and illustrated where possible by example programs which show how these techniques appear in actual coding and design.The volume itself breaks its core topic into four parts: the basic concepts and history of floating-point arithmetic; methods of analyzing floating-point algorithms and optimizing them; implementations of IEEE 754-2008 in hardware and software; and useful extensions to the standard floating-point system, such as interval arithmetic, double- and triple-word arithmetic, operations on complex numbers, and formal verification of floating-point algorithms. This new edition updates chapters to reflect recent changes to programming languages and compilers and the new prevalence of GPUs in recent years. The revisions also add material on fused multiply-add instruction, and methods of extending the floating-point precision. As supercomputing becomes more common, more numerical engineers will need to use number representation to account for trade-offs between various parameters, such as speed, accuracy, and energy consumption. The Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic is designed for students and researchers in numerical analysis, programmers of numerical algorithms, compiler designers, and designers of arithmetic operators.

This handbook is a definitive guide to the effective use of modern floating-point arithmetic, which has considerably evolved, from the frequently inconsistent floating-point number systems of early computing to the recent IEEE 754-2008 standard. Most of computational mathematics depends on floating-point numbers, and understanding their various implementations will allow readers to develop programs specifically tailored for the standard’s technical features. Algorithms for floating-point arithmetic are presented throughout the book and illustrated where possible by example programs which show how these techniques appear in actual coding and design.The volume itself breaks its core topic into four parts: the basic concepts and history of floating-point arithmetic; methods of analyzing floating-point algorithms and optimizing them; implementations of IEEE 754-2008 in hardware and software; and useful extensions to the standard floating-point system, such as interval arithmetic, double- and triple-word arithmetic, operations on complex numbers, and formal verification of floating-point algorithms. This new edition updates chapters to reflect recent changes to programming languages and compilers and the new prevalence of GPUs in recent years. The revisions also add material on fused multiply-add instruction, and methods of extending the floating-point precision. As supercomputing becomes more common, more numerical engineers will need to use number representation to account for trade-offs between various parameters, such as speed, accuracy, and energy consumption. The Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic is designed for students and researchers in numerical analysis, programmers of numerical algorithms, compiler designers, and designers of arithmetic operators.

This handbook is a definitive guide to the effective use of modern floating-point arithmetic, which has considerably evolved, from the frequently inconsistent floating-point number systems of early computing to the recent IEEE 754-2008 standard. Most of computational mathematics depends on floating-point numbers, and understanding their various implementations will allow readers to develop programs specifically tailored for the standard’s technical features. Algorithms for floating-point arithmetic are presented throughout the book and illustrated where possible by example programs which show how these techniques appear in actual coding and design.The volume itself breaks its core topic into four parts: the basic concepts and history of floating-point arithmetic; methods of analyzing floating-point algorithms and optimizing them; implementations of IEEE 754-2008 in hardware and software; and useful extensions to the standard floating-point system, such as interval arithmetic, double- and triple-word arithmetic, operations on complex numbers, and formal verification of floating-point algorithms. This new edition updates chapters to reflect recent changes to programming languages and compilers and the new prevalence of GPUs in recent years. The revisions also add material on fused multiply-add instruction, and methods of extending the floating-point precision. As supercomputing becomes more common, more numerical engineers will need to use number representation to account for trade-offs between various parameters, such as speed, accuracy, and energy consumption. The Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic is designed for students and researchers in numerical analysis, programmers of numerical algorithms, compiler designers, and designers of arithmetic operators. 

In the study of Indian art prior to the Mughal period, portraiture has so far been much neglected, when its existence has not simply been denied. This book is an attempt to reassess this issue, by showing that portraits have existed in great number in early India, since probably the first artistic achievements. Through a close scrutiny of sculpted and (more rarely) painted images brought together with textual and epigraphical references, it aims at highlighting the specificities of Indian portraiture, its relationship with divine images and, consequently, at understanding the development of Indian imagery. It questions also the social and religious implications related to this issue.

Floating-point arithmetic is the most widely used way of implementing real-number arithmetic on modern computers. However, making such an arithmetic reliable and portable, yet fast, is a very difficult task. As a result, floating-point arithmetic is far from being exploited to its full potential. This handbook aims to provide a complete overview of modern floating-point arithmetic. So that the techniques presented can directly be put into practice in actual coding or design, they are illustrated, whenever possible, by a corresponding program in C.The handbook is designed for programmers of numerical applications, compiler designers, programmers of floating-point algorithms, designers of arithmetic operators, and more generally, students and researchers in numerical analysis who wish to better understand a tool used in their daily work and research.

This handbook is a definitive guide to the effective use of modern floating-point arithmetic, which has considerably evolved, from the frequently inconsistent floating-point number systems of early computing to the recent IEEE 754-2008 standard. Most of computational mathematics depends on floating-point numbers, and understanding their various implementations will allow readers to develop programs specifically tailored for the standard’s technical features. Algorithms for floating-point arithmetic are presented throughout the book and illustrated where possible by example programs which show how these techniques appear in actual coding and design.The volume itself breaks its core topic into four parts: the basic concepts and history of floating-point arithmetic; methods of analyzing floating-point algorithms and optimizing them; implementations of IEEE 754-2008 in hardware and software; and useful extensions to the standard floating-point system, such as interval arithmetic, double- and triple-word arithmetic, operations on complex numbers, and formal verification of floating-point algorithms. This new edition updates chapters to reflect recent changes to programming languages and compilers and the new prevalence of GPUs in recent years. The revisions also add material on fused multiply-add instruction, and methods of extending the floating-point precision. As supercomputing becomes more common, more numerical engineers will need to use number representation to account for trade-offs between various parameters, such as speed, accuracy, and energy consumption. The Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic is designed for students and researchers in numerical analysis, programmers of numerical algorithms, compiler designers, and designers of arithmetic operators.

This handbook is a definitive guide to the effective use of modern floating-point arithmetic, which has considerably evolved, from the frequently inconsistent floating-point number systems of early computing to the recent IEEE 754-2008 standard. Most of computational mathematics depends on floating-point numbers, and understanding their various implementations will allow readers to develop programs specifically tailored for the standard’s technical features. Algorithms for floating-point arithmetic are presented throughout the book and illustrated where possible by example programs which show how these techniques appear in actual coding and design.The volume itself breaks its core topic into four parts: the basic concepts and history of floating-point arithmetic; methods of analyzing floating-point algorithms and optimizing them; implementations of IEEE 754-2008 in hardware and software; and useful extensions to the standard floating-point system, such as interval arithmetic, double- and triple-word arithmetic, operations on complex numbers, and formal verification of floating-point algorithms. This new edition updates chapters to reflect recent changes to programming languages and compilers and the new prevalence of GPUs in recent years. The revisions also add material on fused multiply-add instruction, and methods of extending the floating-point precision. As supercomputing becomes more common, more numerical engineers will need to use number representation to account for trade-offs between various parameters, such as speed, accuracy, and energy consumption. The Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic is designed for students and researchers in numerical analysis, programmers of numerical algorithms, compiler designers, and designers of arithmetic operators.

This handbook is a definitive guide to the effective use of modern floating-point arithmetic, which has considerably evolved, from the frequently inconsistent floating-point number systems of early computing to the recent IEEE 754-2008 standard. Most of computational mathematics depends on floating-point numbers, and understanding their various implementations will allow readers to develop programs specifically tailored for the standard’s technical features. Algorithms for floating-point arithmetic are presented throughout the book and illustrated where possible by example programs which show how these techniques appear in actual coding and design.The volume itself breaks its core topic into four parts: the basic concepts and history of floating-point arithmetic; methods of analyzing floating-point algorithms and optimizing them; implementations of IEEE 754-2008 in hardware and software; and useful extensions to the standard floating-point system, such as interval arithmetic, double- and triple-word arithmetic, operations on complex numbers, and formal verification of floating-point algorithms. This new edition updates chapters to reflect recent changes to programming languages and compilers and the new prevalence of GPUs in recent years. The revisions also add material on fused multiply-add instruction, and methods of extending the floating-point precision. As supercomputing becomes more common, more numerical engineers will need to use number representation to account for trade-offs between various parameters, such as speed, accuracy, and energy consumption. The Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic is designed for students and researchers in numerical analysis, programmers of numerical algorithms, compiler designers, and designers of arithmetic operators. 

In the study of Indian art prior to the Mughal period, portraiture has so far been much neglected, when its existence has not simply been denied. This book is an attempt to reassess this issue, by showing that portraits have existed in great number in early India, since probably the first artistic achievements. Through a close scrutiny of sculpted and (more rarely) painted images brought together with textual and epigraphical references, it aims at highlighting the specificities of Indian portraiture, its relationship with divine images and, consequently, at understanding the development of Indian imagery. It questions also the social and religious implications related to this issue.