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29 produkter
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 114 kr
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Ever since arbovirus infections became known and their relative importance assessed, experiments were designed to elucidate the mode of transmission and the most important natural hosts responsible for perpetuating the infection in nature. Human infections and the disease in wild rodents, birds, and domestic animals were studied in relation to viremia and distribution of the infectious agent in the organism. With increasing epidemiological studies it became apparent that the neural manifestations of the disease are very uncommon, confined only to a small percentage of individuals of the most susceptible species. Various factors have been proposed to explain why in certain instances the virus becomes establish ed in the central nervous system and causes a serious or lethal disease. For example, differences in the virulence of the virus strains, varying susceptibility of individuals of one species, or intercurrent circumstances facilitating access of the virus to the central nervous system were alleged. Also, various possible routes of entry of the virus into the brain and spinal cord have been considered.
Del 46 - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 114 kr
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Engelska, 2014
644 kr
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 114 kr
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The study of streptococcal infections and their sequelae has in the last two decades yielded several important findings on the biological properties of cellular and extracellular products of group A streptococci. These findings have contributed to a better knowledge of the pathological reactions occurring in the macroorganism during host-parasite interactions. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of streptococcal infections is not fully understood. So far there has been no success in eliciting experimentally, either through the action of the substances isolated from the cell, or from broth culture filtrate of group A streptococci, symptoms that are fully identical with any type of acute streptococcal infection. It also has not been possible to explain the mUltiplicity of clinical and histological changes caused by streptococci as being due solely to anyone of these substances or a combination thereof. The same applies to the sequelae of streptococcal infections, rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. We do not know how the group A strepto coccus elicits these diseases and we have only a partial understanding of the pathological processes, initiated by this streptococcus, and resulting in cardiac or renal lesions. It is clear that an organism infected by streptococci is exposed to the action of a complex of substances. A more detailed recognition of the biological activity of the single components and their combination under defined experimental conditions may be capable, it is hoped, to explain the pathologic processes triggered in the course. of the development of group A streptococcal infection.
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 114 kr
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"When we give a definition it is for the purpose of using it". HENRI POINCARE in Science and Method A. Objectives The first version of this paper was written to introduce new students and fellows of my laboratory to the mysteries of herpesviruses. Consonant with this design sections dealing with well documented data were trimmed to the bone whereas many obscure phenomena, controversial data and seemingly trivial observations were discussed generously and at length. There is some doubt as to whether it was meant to be published, but it was not a review. The objective of reviews is frequently to bring order. But alas, even the most fluent summation of credible data frequently makes dull reading and too much plausible order, like very little entropy in chemical reactions, is not the most suitable environment on which to nurture the urge to discover. This version is more charitable but not less inbalanced. The bibliography reflects the intent of the paper and was updated last in December of 1968. It should be obvious without saying that no single account such as this can do justice or injustice, as the case may be, to the several hundred papers published on herpesviruses each year or to the many thousand papers published on herpesviruses since the first of the members of the family was experimentally transmitted to a heterologous host more than half a century ago (GRUTER, 1924). B. Definition 1.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 114 kr
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 114 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 114 kr
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In lymphoiden Zellen Tb-sensibilisierter Meerschweinchen sind sessile Antikorper vorhanden, die in der Lage sind nach Kontakt mit Tuberkulin Komplement zu binden. Dieser Nachweis ist sowohl fluorescenzserologisch als auch - unter Verwendung von Extrakten aus solchen Zellen - mit der Hamagglutination und der Coombs-Technik oder mit dem Konglutinations- verfahren moglich. Sie konnen ferner mit dem Hamaggregationsverfahren nachgewiesen werden. Die sessilen Antikorper besitzen mindestens zwei, nach ihrer immunologischen Spezifitat und dem Mechanismus ihrer cytolytischen Funktion distinkte immunologische Spezifitaten. Die eine ist gegen den Haupt- bestandteil von Alttuberkulin (Tuberkulopolysaccharide) und die andere gegen den von gereinigtem Tuberkulin (Tuberkuloproteine) gerichtet. Beide Anti- korper konnen auf weisse Zellen nicht sensibilisierter Tiere ubertragen werden. Sie sind mercaptoathanolempfindlich und konnen deswegen den Antikorpern vom 19 S-Typ zugerechnet werden. Sie sind nicht identisch mit den cytophilen Antikorpern; auch scheint keine direkte kausale Beziehung zur Tuberkulin- Hautreaktion zu bestehen. Ihre mogliche Bedeutung wird diskutiert.Lymphoide Zellen von Tb-sensibilisierten Meerschweinchen enthalten ausserdem noch einen Faktor, der in vitro Agglutinationsreaktion und in vivo PCA-Reaktionen hemmt. Literatur BAlL, 0.: Ubertragung der Tuberkulinempfindliehkeit. Z. Immun.-Forseh. 1. Orig. 4,470 (1910). BLAZKOVEC, A. A., E. SORKIN, and J. L. TURK: A study of the passive eellular transfer of loeal eutaneous hypersensitivity. Int. Areh. Allergy 27, 289 (1965). BLOOM, B. R., and B. BENNETT: Meehanism of areaction in vitra associated with delayed type hypersensitivity. Scienee 153, 80 (1966). - - Delayed hypersensitivity in vitra: the meehanism of inhibition by antigen of eell migration. Fed. Prae. 25, 355 (1966).
Del 69 - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 114 kr
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This article is concerned with the use of viral models for the study of the mechanism of protein biosynthesis and its regulation. The scope is restricted mainly to general aspects of animal viral systems and how these systems may be used to approach the question of cellular regulation. Most information on the regulation of metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells comes from the study of bacteria and from the successful application of this knowledge to higher systems. However, differences in regulation of the translation of genetic information from the messenger RNA into protein may be expected between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Due to the short half-life of prokaryotic mRNAs, transcription has been considered as the main mechanism controlling gene expression. Nevertheless, during recent years firm evidence has been accumulated for additional regu latory factors operating during translation. This topic was recently reviewed by HASELKORN and ROTHMAN-DENES (1973) and by KOZAK and NATHANS (1972).
Häftad, Engelska, 2014
561 kr
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 114 kr
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The expression of many bacterial genes adapts itself in an almost in stantaneous and reversible way to specific environmental changes. More specifically, the concentration of a number of metabolites, a function of the amounts of enzymes involved in their synthesis or degradation, in turn retroacts on the rate of synthesis of these enzymes. The genetic bases for this regulation were established by JACOB and MONOD (1961). These authors also showed how the known elements of these regulatory mechanisms could be connected into a wide variety of circuits endowed with any desired degree of stability, in order to account for essentially irreversible processes like differentiation (MONOD and JACOB, 1961). The general principles used by JACOB and MONOD in their study of negative regulation were extended to positive regulation by ENGLESBERG et al. (1965). An independent approach permitted the discovery of positive controls in temperate bacteriophages (see below, III). Each control operation is mediated by a pair of complementary genetic elements (hereafter called "control cell"): a control gene which produces a l control (or regulator) protein and a control site which is the target for the regulator protein. Negative control means that the control protein (repressor) prevents gene expression. One deals with positive control when the control protein (activator) is necessary for this expression. It has become apparent that, as initially postulated by JACOB and MONOD, control of gene expression operates, at least to a large extent, at the transcriptional level.
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 114 kr
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Phenomena as diverse as tuberculin sensitivity, delayed sensitivity to soluble proteins other than tuberculin, contact allergy, homograft rejection, experimental autoallergies, and the response to many microorganisms, have been classified as members of the class of immune reactions known as delayed or cellular hypersensitivity. Similarities in time course, histology, and absence of detectable circulating immunoglobulins characterize these cell-mediated immune reactions in vivo. The state of delayed or cellular hypersensitivity can be transferred from one animal to another by means of sensitized living lymphoid cells (CHASE, 1945; LANDSTEINER and CHASE, 1942; MITCHISON, 1954). The responsible cell has been described by GOWANS (1965) as a small lymphocyte. Passive transfer has also been achieved in the human with extracts of sensitized cells (LAWRENCE, 1959). The in vivo characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity from which the class derives its name is the delayed skin reaction. When an antigen is injected intradermally into a previously immunized animal, the typical delayed reaction begins to appear after 4 hours, reaches a peak at 24 hours, and fades after 48 hours. It is grossly characterized by induration, erythyma, and occasionally necrosis. The histology of the delayed reaction has been studied by numerous investigators (COHEN et al. , 1967; GELL and HINDE, 1951; KOSUNEN, 1966; KOSUNEN et al. , 1963; MCCLUSKEY et al. , 1963; WAKSMAN, 1960; WAKSMAN, 1962). Initially dilatation of the capillaries with exudation of fluid and cells occurs.
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 114 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 114 kr
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Influenza continues to be one of the major epidemic diseases of man and is, in fact, his only remaining pandemic disease (BEVERIDGE, 1969). This is largely because influenza virus undergoes extreme antigenic variation, the mechanism of which is still poorly understood. Two kinds of antigenic variation occur in influenza viruses, antigenic drift and major antigenic shifts; both involve chan ges in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens on the surface of the virus. Antigenic drift, which involves gradual changes in the surface antigens of influenza virus, is thought to result from the selection by an immune popula tion of mutant virus particles with altered antigenic determinants. These mutants therefore possess a growth advantage in the presence of antibody (FRAN CIS and MAASSAB, 1965; ARCHETTI and HORSFALL, 1950; HAMRE et aI., 1958). It has been shown that antigenic mutants isolated in vitro by selection with antibody have changes in amino acid sequence in the polypeptides of the hem agglutinin subunits (LAVER and WEBSTER, 1968) and it is likely that antigenic drift in the neuraminidase occurs by the same mechanism.
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 114 kr
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Del 64 - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung Volume 64
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 114 kr
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Del 65 - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung
Volume 65
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 114 kr
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Del 66 - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung Volume 66
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
561 kr
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Del 68 - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung
Volume 68
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 114 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 2011
561 kr
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The processes involved in herpesvirus replication, latency, and oncogenic transformation, have, in general, been rather poorly defined. A primary reason for this is the size and complexity of the herpesvirus genome. Undoubtedly, a better understanding of the functions of the viral genome in infected and transformed cells will be achieved through studies with temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of herpesviruses since, theoretically, any essential gene function can be affected by mutants of this type. A. The Herpesviruses A consideration of the genetic analysis of members of the herpesvirus group necessitates a description, albeit brief, of the properties of the group and, most importantly, of their genetic material. The herpesviruses comprise a group of relatively large (100-150 nm), enveloped viruses. The envelope surrounds an icosahedral capsid enclosing a core which contains double stranded DNA (ROIZMAN, 1969). The group is thus defined on the basis of a common virion morphology. In addition to a common structure, members of the group share a number of biological properties such as a similar replicative cycle, the ability to cause latent and chronic infections, and the ability to induce antigenic modifications of infected cell membranes. Several herpes viruses have been associated recently with malignancies in man and animals (KLEIN, 1972). Herpesviruses are ubiquitous and have been described in over 30 different species (HUNT and MELENDEZ, 1969; WILDY, 1971; FARLEY et aI. , 1972; KAZAMA and SCHORNSTEIN, 1972; NAHMIAS et aI. , 1972; ROlZMAN et aI. , 1973). Their widespread occurrence in nature suggests a common ancestor.
Del 71 - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung
Volume 71
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 114 kr
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Del 72 - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung
Volume 72
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 114 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 2012
561 kr
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In recent years our horizons regarding the role of nucleic acids in biological systems have been expanded vastly by the finding that these molecules not only carry and transmit specific infOImation but also can act as less specific triggers of antiviral factors and of immunological responses. The latter properties are of particular interest in terms of possible utilization in human and veterinary medicine and consequently led, in the last few years, to the development of a new research area that combines both fundamental and applied problems in a uniquely attractive way. Furthermore, the importance and the complexity of the problems has attracted investigators from many fields, including molecular biologists, virologists, immunologists, chemists, biophysicists, oncologists, pharmacologists, and clinicians. A discussion of new developments in this area of biological effects of polynucleotides, with particular emphasis on interferon induction and modification of immune responses, therefore, seemed a logical topic for one of the annual symposia that Miles Laboratories, Inc. , has sponsored in recent years. The manage ment of Miles accepted the suggestion with enthusiasm and thus once again earned the gratitude of the scientific community for sponsoring a catalytic meeting that was principally concerned with basic research problems and only tangentially with immediate applications. Springer-Verlag agreed to publish the proceedings of the meeting which was held at the Americana Hotel in New York City, June 4-5, 1970 and attracted an unusually large audience.
Häftad, Engelska, 2014
1 667 kr
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The brilliant research of Dr. Earl Sutherland and his colleagues has had a broad impact on many areas of biology. Among the fields in fluenced rather late by the insights arising from this work were im munology and oncology. Although research relating cyclic AMP metabol ism to the development and manifestations of the immune response and the control of mammalian cell growth is relatively recent, the growth of knowledge in these areas has been rapid and there is already a considera ble amount of empirical information. This conference provided an oppor tunity to collate and begin to interpret that information. A deliberate at tempt was made to bring together investigators nominally involved in im munology, biochemistry, pharmacology, or cellular biology for in many instances parallel observations are being obtained in these fields. For ex ample, the immunologist studying the transformation of lymphocytes by antigens or mitogens is carrying out experiments that are very close to those of the biologist studying the growth of cells in culture; in both cases, the phenomena they observe are modulated by changes in the in tracellular level of cyclic nucleotides. Many other examples of closely analogous experiments in different fields could be cited, but perhaps the point is clear.
Häftad, Engelska, 2013
1 667 kr
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Two fields have played a leading role in biomedical research in recent years, the biochemistry of nucleic acids and immunology. Yet, with the exception of those aspects which have been concerned with antibody synthesis as an example of protein synthesis, there was until recently a lack of direct association between the two fields. Until quite recently the antigenicity of nucleic acids was still in doubt and indeed represented a controversial subject. Also, the exact role of the various nucleic acids in various stages of antibody synthesis was uncertain. These skepticisms and uncertainties disappeared rapidly in the last few years. New experi mental approaches brought the realization that nucleic acids, under appropriate conditions, are indeed immunogenic, and that the resulting antibodies can furnish new tools for the exploration of the mplecular structure of the all-important family of nucleic acid molecules. ' At the same time, the recognition of the antigenicity of nucleic acids brought a new level of understanding to certain auto-immune diseases and pro vided new material for the exploration of the role of a carrier in immune responses. Side by side with this development was the almost explosive development of new experimental approaches and new ideas pertaining to the problem of antibody formation. Nucleic acids in their various forms were recognized as playing an expected major role in the activation of antibody-forming cells. Perhaps less to be expected was the role they can playas non-specific stimulators of antibody formation.
Häftad, Tyska, 1924
835 kr
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Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 114 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 114 kr
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Häftad, Tyska, 1956
576 kr
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