This Element argues that Plato's medical language in political contexts is not mere metaphor but a medical model of political analysis. Centering on the Republic, it shows how Plato adopts, critiques, and reworks Hippocratic ideas to diagnose, explain, evaluate, and treat political conditions. The payoff is a solution to a central puzzle: how the ideal city can be exceptionally stable yet liable to degenerate into vice. Its stability, I argue, consists in a robustness and resilience analogous to bodily health, sustained by protective institutions and practices; its fragility lies in the inevitable fallibility of those protections, which cannot indefinitely prevent, arrest, or reverse corruption over time. The Element then identifies a corrupt paideia-understood as a city-wide system of acculturation-as the singular, foundational cause of political degeneration, and closes by drawing lessons about the limits and prospects of genuine reform.

This Element argues that Plato's medical language in political contexts is not mere metaphor but a medical model of political analysis. Centering on the Republic, it shows how Plato adopts, critiques, and reworks Hippocratic ideas to diagnose, explain, evaluate, and treat political conditions. The payoff is a solution to a central puzzle: how the ideal city can be exceptionally stable yet liable to degenerate into vice. Its stability, I argue, consists in a robustness and resilience analogous to bodily health, sustained by protective institutions and practices; its fragility lies in the inevitable fallibility of those protections, which cannot indefinitely prevent, arrest, or reverse corruption over time. The Element then identifies a corrupt paideia-understood as a city-wide system of acculturation-as the singular, foundational cause of political degeneration, and closes by drawing lessons about the limits and prospects of genuine reform.