Ginkgo biloba L. which is called ginkgo or gingko can date back to 300 million years ago and is considered as a living fossil. Ginkgo consists of terpenoids, like diterpenes such as ginkgolides A, B, C, J and sesquiterpene like bilobalide and triterpenes like sterols. Ginkgo biloba L. contains a vast number of flavonoids which included myricetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, rutin, laricitrin, mearnsetin, apigenin, luteolin, epicatechin, catechin and genistein. Ginkgo also contains Biflavonoids which consists of sciadopitysin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, amentoflavone and bilobetin. Allium with around 800 species is an important genus of Amaryllidaceae family which widely spread in the northern hemisphere. Leeks (Alllium ampeloprasum var. porrum) are robust, winter-hardy biennials that do not form a hard bulb like onions or garlic. Instead, they are grown for their long and thick white stem. Persian leek is one of the most widely used herbal foods among Iranians. Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) has been a famous plant in traditional and folk medicine, and it is used in both endemic regions and other parts of the world. Peganum harmala. Belongs to Asian origin and grows in the Middle east and in part of South India and Pakistan and west of China, is a medicinal plant of the family Nitrariaceae. Peganum harmala is a perennial herbaceous, glabrous plant which can grow 30-100 cm and mainly disturbed throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia. The plant is not usually grazed by animals due to its bitter taste. Its seeds showed that alkaloids belonging to the β-carboline family such as harmine, harmaline, Harman, harnol and harmalol are responsible or a wide range of pharmacological effects. The main compounds from Peganum harmala seeds are dodecane, tetradecane, methyl dodecanoate, hexadecane, 2-Octanol benzoate, heptadecane, methyl tetradecanoate, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl pentadecane, octadecane, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl hexadecane, nonadecane, methyl hexadecanoate, dibutyl phthalate, eicosane, methyl oleate, henicosane, docosane, harmine and tricosane. The most important properties of Peganum harmala are anti-cholinesterase, anti-tumor angiogenesis, antiparasitic effect, anti-inflammatory effect, cytotoxicity effect, antioxidant effect, cerebroprotective effect, hempatoma cancer effect, hepatoprotective prevention effect, hypoglycemic effect, antibacterial effect, pesticide effect, antitumor effect, antinociceptive effects, haemosporidian infections effect and different unknown beneficial properties. This review article suggests the important potential of P. harmala to be employed in both new western and eastern therapeutic drugs. This review article emphasizes on the need of widespread researches and studies for covering the supplementary information and knowledge on the importance of medicinal crops. Smilax china consists of fat, Saponins, glucosides, gum, starch, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The rhizomes are bitter, acrid, thermogenic, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, digestive, laxative, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and tonic. It is used in dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, constipation, helminthiasis, skin diseases, leprosy and psoriasis, syphilis, strangury, seminal weakness, general debility, detoxifies organs, cleanses blood, aids absorption and kills bacteria; it also uses in fever, epilepsy, insanity, neuralgia and stimulates digestion, increase urination, protects liver and promotes perspiration.

In this book, various methods for detection of infectious diseases in humans and other organisms are described. These include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). Each method presents different strengths and weaknesses and varies by sensitivity, specificity, and rapidity, among other characteristics. These techniques can be used for the detection of pathogens like SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, lymphocystis disease virus, swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus, swine vesicular disease virus, classical swine fever virus, infectious bursal disease virus, Marek's disease virus, human papillomaviruses, infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, sacbrood virus, beak and feather disease virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, and more. Other applications of these methods include molecular diagnosis of cancer, identification of genetically modified organisms, and detection of food adulteration.

Ginkgo biloba L. which is called ginkgo or gingko can date back to 300 million years ago and is considered as a living fossil. Ginkgo consists of terpenoids, like diterpenes such as ginkgolides A, B, C, J and sesquiterpene like bilobalide and triterpenes like sterols. Ginkgo biloba L. contains a vast number of flavonoids which included myricetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, rutin, laricitrin, mearnsetin, apigenin, luteolin, epicatechin, catechin and genistein. Ginkgo also contains Biflavonoids which consists of sciadopitysin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, amentoflavone and bilobetin. Allium with around 800 species is an important genus of Amaryllidaceae family which widely spread in the northern hemisphere. Leeks (Alllium ampeloprasum var. porrum) are robust, winter-hardy biennials that do not form a hard bulb like onions or garlic. Instead, they are grown for their long and thick white stem. Persian leek is one of the most widely used herbal foods among Iranians. Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) has been a famous plant in traditional and folk medicine, and it is used in both endemic regions and other parts of the world. Peganum harmala. Belongs to Asian origin and grows in the Middle east and in part of South India and Pakistan and west of China, is a medicinal plant of the family Nitrariaceae. Peganum harmala is a perennial herbaceous, glabrous plant which can grow 30-100 cm and mainly disturbed throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia. The plant is not usually grazed by animals due to its bitter taste. Its seeds showed that alkaloids belonging to the β-carboline family such as harmine, harmaline, Harman, harnol and harmalol are responsible or a wide range of pharmacological effects. The main compounds from Peganum harmala seeds are dodecane, tetradecane, methyl dodecanoate, hexadecane, 2-Octanol benzoate, heptadecane, methyl tetradecanoate, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl pentadecane, octadecane, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl hexadecane, nonadecane, methyl hexadecanoate, dibutyl phthalate, eicosane, methyl oleate, henicosane, docosane, harmine and tricosane. The most important properties of Peganum harmala are anti-cholinesterase, anti-tumor angiogenesis, antiparasitic effect, anti-inflammatory effect, cytotoxicity effect, antioxidant effect, cerebroprotective effect, hempatoma cancer effect, hepatoprotective prevention effect, hypoglycemic effect, antibacterial effect, pesticide effect, antitumor effect, antinociceptive effects, haemosporidian infections effect and different unknown beneficial properties. This review article suggests the important potential of P. harmala to be employed in both new western and eastern therapeutic drugs. This review article emphasizes on the need of widespread researches and studies for covering the supplementary information and knowledge on the importance of medicinal crops. Smilax china consists of fat, Saponins, glucosides, gum, starch, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The rhizomes are bitter, acrid, thermogenic, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, digestive, laxative, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and tonic. It is used in dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, constipation, helminthiasis, skin diseases, leprosy and psoriasis, syphilis, strangury, seminal weakness, general debility, detoxifies organs, cleanses blood, aids absorption and kills bacteria; it also uses in fever, epilepsy, insanity, neuralgia and stimulates digestion, increase urination, protects liver and promotes perspiration.

In this book, various methods for detection of infectious diseases in humans and other organisms are described. These include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). Each method presents different strengths and weaknesses and varies by sensitivity, specificity, and rapidity, among other characteristics. These techniques can be used for the detection of pathogens like SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, lymphocystis disease virus, swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus, swine vesicular disease virus, classical swine fever virus, infectious bursal disease virus, Marek's disease virus, human papillomaviruses, infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, sacbrood virus, beak and feather disease virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, and more. Other applications of these methods include molecular diagnosis of cancer, identification of genetically modified organisms, and detection of food adulteration.