Xi Wang - Böcker

After the Civil War, Republicans teamed with activist African Americans to protect black voting rights through innovative constitutional reforms—a radical transformation of southern and national political structures. The Trial of Democracy is a comprehensive analysis of both the forces and mechanisms that led to the implementation of black suffrage and the ultimate failure to maintain a stable northern constituency to support enforcement on a permanent basis.The reforms stirred fierce debates over the political and constitutional value of black suffrage, the legitimacy of racial equality, and the proper sharing of power between the state and federal governments. Unlike most studies of Reconstruction, this book follows these issues into the early twentieth century to examine the impact of the constitutional principles and the rise of Jim Crow. Tying constitutional history to party politics, The Trial of Democracy is a vital contribution to both fields.

This book aims to revolutionize information research by introducing a receptive relation understanding of information, which systematically unveils its fundamental characteristics: created ex nihilo, emergence, reciprocity and shareability.Through a thorough exploration of organismic and sensory receptivity, the book establishes a mechanistic foundation for understanding the nature of information. It navigates the origins of biological information and leads readers into a new era of information studies. Offering a fresh perspective on the nature of information, it delves into its physical, digital, and ideational encodings, as well as the ideational system built upon them. The book sheds light on critical issues such as quantum manifestation of information and the fundamental laws governing the relationship between information and matter/energy. It also dispels common misconceptions about information and its role in the evolution of information civilization.The book provides valuable insights into understanding artificial general intelligence and the mysteries of consciousness and life. It will be of interest to researchers and students of information philosophy, information science, and artificial intelligence.

This book aims to revolutionize information research by introducing a receptive relation understanding of information, which systematically unveils its fundamental characteristics: created ex nihilo, emergence, reciprocity and shareability.Through a thorough exploration of organismic and sensory receptivity, the book establishes a mechanistic foundation for understanding the nature of information. It navigates the origins of biological information and leads readers into a new era of information studies. Offering a fresh perspective on the nature of information, it delves into its physical, digital, and ideational encodings, as well as the ideational system built upon them. The book sheds light on critical issues such as quantum manifestation of information and the fundamental laws governing the relationship between information and matter/energy. It also dispels common misconceptions about information and its role in the evolution of information civilization.The book provides valuable insights into understanding artificial general intelligence and the mysteries of consciousness and life. It will be of interest to researchers and students of information philosophy, information science, and artificial intelligence.

This book offers readers an accessible and broad-ranging guide to Environmental Public Interest Litigation (EPIL), which has burgeoned in China over the past decade.

This book offers readers an accessible and broad-ranging guide to Environmental Public Interest Litigation (EPIL), which has burgeoned in China over the past decade.

This book presents a methodology for the real-time scheduling problems of real-time systems (RTS) from the viewpoint of control theory. Generally, any system can be viewed as an RTS if it performs real-time application functions and behaves correctly depending on given logical activities and satisfying specified deadlines for the activities. This monograph provides broad views and detailed introductions to supervisory control theory (SCT) and its application in real-time scheduling and reconfiguration. Based on three popular SCT modelling frameworks, discrete-event system (DES), timed DES (TDES), and state-tree structures (STS), the authors provide RTS modelling frameworks; thereafter, SCT is used to find their safe execution sequences.As the main contribution, we use (untimed) DES events to represent the execution and preemption of each individual RTS task. This modelling formalism brings the possibilities to model the preemptions of tasks’ executions. Furthermore, in somecases, priorities cannot be assigned to real-time tasks. In order to solve this problem, a matrix-based priority-free conditional-preemption (PFCP) relation is provided, which generalizes fixed-priority (FP) RTS scheduling. As a natural extension, a generalized modular modelling framework is presented to model the task parameters instead of the global real-time task. The modular models are taken to be generic entities, which also considers the exact execution time of real-time tasks. STS are undoubtedly recognized as a computationally efficient SCT framework which manages the state explosion problem significantly. Hence, building on the (untimed) modular RTS models, a novel STS-based RTS modeling framework is formulated, by assigning dynamic priorities as specified optimality criteria, which can be utilized to model sporadic RTS processing both sporadic and (multi-period) periodic tasks, providing a small set of the safe execution sequences which rank at the top.

This book presents a methodology for the real-time scheduling problems of real-time systems (RTS) from the viewpoint of control theory. Generally, any system can be viewed as an RTS if it performs real-time application functions and behaves correctly depending on given logical activities and satisfying specified deadlines for the activities. This monograph provides broad views and detailed introductions to supervisory control theory (SCT) and its application in real-time scheduling and reconfiguration. Based on three popular SCT modelling frameworks, discrete-event system (DES), timed DES (TDES), and state-tree structures (STS), the authors provide RTS modelling frameworks; thereafter, SCT is used to find their safe execution sequences.As the main contribution, we use (untimed) DES events to represent the execution and preemption of each individual RTS task. This modelling formalism brings the possibilities to model the preemptions of tasks’ executions. Furthermore, in somecases, priorities cannot be assigned to real-time tasks. In order to solve this problem, a matrix-based priority-free conditional-preemption (PFCP) relation is provided, which generalizes fixed-priority (FP) RTS scheduling. As a natural extension, a generalized modular modelling framework is presented to model the task parameters instead of the global real-time task. The modular models are taken to be generic entities, which also considers the exact execution time of real-time tasks. STS are undoubtedly recognized as a computationally efficient SCT framework which manages the state explosion problem significantly. Hence, building on the (untimed) modular RTS models, a novel STS-based RTS modeling framework is formulated, by assigning dynamic priorities as specified optimality criteria, which can be utilized to model sporadic RTS processing both sporadic and (multi-period) periodic tasks, providing a small set of the safe execution sequences which rank at the top.

The book aims to explore the regional innovation capability of China, especially how the frontier regions of China (Guangdong, Jiangsu, Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Tianjin) transform themselves from an investment-driven economy into an innovation-driven one. With detailed case, data and policy, we analyse the modes of each province and municipality from different perspectives such as comparative advantage in innovation, existing industrial base and culture, the government’s innovation strategy, and industrial upgrading pattern.