Yeşim M. Atamer – författare

This book explores various approaches around the world regarding price term control, and particularly discusses the effectiveness of two major paths: ex ante regulatory and ex post judicial intervention. Price control and its limits are issues that affect all liberal market economies, as well as more regulated markets. For the past several years, courts in many different countries have been confronted with the issue of whether, and to what extent, they should intervene regarding price-related terms in standard form contracts – especially in the area of consumer contracts. Open price clauses, flat remunerations, price adjustment clauses, clauses giving the seller/supplier the right to ask for additional payments, bundling or partitioning practices, etc.: a variety of price related terms are used to manipulate customers’ choices, often also by exploiting their behavioral biases. The result is an unfavorable contract that is later challenged in court. However, invalidating a given price term in standard forms e.g. of a banking or utilities contract only has an inter partes effect, which means that in thousands if not millions of similar contracts, the same clauses continue to be used. Effective procedural rules are often lacking. Therefore, pricing patterns that serve to hide rather than to reveal the real cost of goods and services require special attention on the part of regulators.The aim of this book is to determine the various approaches in the world regarding price term control, and particularly to discuss the efficiency of both paths, ex ante regulatory and ex post judicial intervention. Thanks to its broad comparative analysis, this book offers a thorough overview of the methods employed in several countries. It gathers twenty-eight contributions from national rapporteurs and one supra-national rapporteur (EU) to the 2018 IACL Congress held in Fukuoka. These are supplemented by a general report presented at the same IACL Congress, which includes a comparative analysis of the national and supranational reports. The national contributors hail from around the globe, including Africa (1), Asia (5), Europe (17), the European Union (1) and the Americas (5).

This book explores various approaches around the world regarding price term control, and particularly discusses the effectiveness of two major paths: ex ante regulatory and ex post judicial intervention. Price control and its limits are issues that affect all liberal market economies, as well as more regulated markets. For the past several years, courts in many different countries have been confronted with the issue of whether, and to what extent, they should intervene regarding price-related terms in standard form contracts – especially in the area of consumer contracts. Open price clauses, flat remunerations, price adjustment clauses, clauses giving the seller/supplier the right to ask for additional payments, bundling or partitioning practices, etc.: a variety of price related terms are used to manipulate customers’ choices, often also by exploiting their behavioral biases. The result is an unfavorable contract that is later challenged in court. However, invalidating a given price term in standard forms e.g. of a banking or utilities contract only has an inter partes effect, which means that in thousands if not millions of similar contracts, the same clauses continue to be used. Effective procedural rules are often lacking. Therefore, pricing patterns that serve to hide rather than to reveal the real cost of goods and services require special attention on the part of regulators.The aim of this book is to determine the various approaches in the world regarding price term control, and particularly to discuss the efficiency of both paths, ex ante regulatory and ex post judicial intervention. Thanks to its broad comparative analysis, this book offers a thorough overview of the methods employed in several countries. It gathers twenty-eight contributions from national rapporteurs and one supra-national rapporteur (EU) to the 2018 IACL Congress held in Fukuoka. These are supplemented by a general report presented at the same IACL Congress, which includes a comparative analysis of the national and supranational reports. The national contributors hail from around the globe, including Africa (1), Asia (5), Europe (17), the European Union (1) and the Americas (5).

European Sales Law: Challenges in the 21st Century contains more than two decades of EU sales law history. In the early 2010s, a full-fledged (optional) EU Sales Law Code was on the agenda. However, this endeavour failed. In 2019 two directives took up the central ideas – the 2019/770 Digital Content Directive and the 2019/771 Sale of Goods Directive. The digital content part attracted considerably more attention while the sales part was arguably including the more doctrinal and foundational reform of EU Sales Law, first enshrined in the 1999/44 Directive. This volume focuses on the sales reform. After 20 years, the novelties range from more detailed structures to completely new phenomena such as goods with digital components, as well as innovative policies like sustainability in the design of contract law, and finally even a scission within contract law triggered by servitisation. The contributions take up the important aspects of this doctrinal and policy design-oriented reform of EU sales law. The volume thus discusses system building in this renewal, the challenges lying ahead, the lacunae still to be filled and the changes needed to reap the benefits of the (policy) reform. This begins with a much more nuanced typology of goods for sale, including durable or refurbished goods (both with links to sustainability) and goods with digital elements (important for high-performance goods, as well as long-term use). It continues by presenting a changed concept of conformity of goods, including durability, requiring an adaptation with respect to the digital components. Besides, long-term-use related services as well as questions regarding ethical/ecological production processes are also discussed. A side-aspect examined within the book is the subjective versus objective definition of conformity. Additionally, some chapters enquire into the overall network (distribution chains) and its impact on durability, sustainability, good incentive structures, and remedies. The focus on the priority of repair and the (potentially problematic) regime of (rather short) limitation periods, as well as issues regarding the reversal of burden of proof stand out. In a final larger segment, the radical alternative of goods coupled with service or digital elements, as well as the shift from sale of goods to servitisation contracts aimed at putting a certain type of good at permanent, yet revolving, disposal, come under discussion.YESIM M. ATAMER (Prof. Dr. iur and Dr. h.c. (Hamburg University), LLM (Istanbul University)) is Professor at University of Zurich, Faculty of Law, Chair for Private, Commercial, European and Comparative Law. She was previously Professor at Istanbul Bilgi University and is an elected titular member of the International Academy of Comparative Law, the International Academy of Commercial and Consumer Law, Academia Europaea, and the Science Academy, Turkey. Her main areas of research are law of domestic and international sale of goods, comparative consumer and contract law, and regulation in contract law.STEFAN GRUNDMANN (Prof. Dr. iur and Dr. phil., LLM (Berkeley – University of California)) is Professor at Humboldt University Berlin, Faculty of Law, Chair for Private, Commercial, European, International and Comparative Law. He was previously Professor at Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, and Professor at University Erlangen-Nü rnberg, European University Institute (EUI), Florence. He is President of the European Law School (network Berlin/London/Paris/Rome/Amsterdam/Athens/Lisbon/Madrid), of the Society of European Contract Law (2002-22), and of the (German) Gesellschaft fü r Rechtsvergleichung. His main areas of research are German, European and Comparative Contract, Banking and Company Law, Regulation and Pluralist Law Theory.