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This book on Philosophy of Science is an attempt to introduce the topic to the students of Indian Universities. Part I of this book covers the syllabus prescribed by the University Grants Commission (U.G.C.) for the subject Philosophy of Science for M.A. students (Chapter I to Chapter V). Part II of this book provides some basic understanding on Philosophy of Mathematics, structure of the universe, Scientific Explanation and Science and Humanity (Chapter VI to Chapter IX). Most of the books on Philosophy of science focus on Karl Popper's 'falsification theory' and Thomas Kuhn's 'paradigm shift'. But Philosophy of Science is not just a 'talk' on Science; it must include the knowledge of the contents of basic sciences such as Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology. The more one knows the 'facts' of science, the wider is the scope for philosophising science. There are journals on philosophy of science published in England and America.

Images are mute spectators of the past ages. Their fine craftsmanship, beauty and polish convey much more than their values. To identify images and architectural remains is a difficult task. India is very rich in both the fields. Indian art of Himalayan region has not only covered the territory of India but its influence is also noticed on other countries like Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan and China located in the Himalayan tract. The art and architecture of Himalayan tract is mostly Buddhist but it is different from those which developed in the plain area of Indian Territory. The art and architecture of Himalayan region was influenced by Mahayana and Vajrayana form of Buddhism. In this book, the author has tried his best to cover all the aspects of Buddhist art and architecture prevalent in this zone. The present book deals with the Buddhist art and architecture of Indian Himalayan region, Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet and China. Definition of a few technical terms used in the book is also given in the glossary. 34 Col. Ilustrations

This book covers the history of human civilisation as revealed in ancient Indian classical texts. In fact the author delineates the theory of Vishnu’s “dashavatara” in this background. Moreover, it is the emergence of land and later life — vegetation to animal kingdom to human beings from water which is analysed from the mythological churning of the Sea (Caspian Sea in this case) or “Samudramanthan” and how Kumbha has historical basis and the how the “Kalpwas” at Sangam of Prayag helps us understand the transition of history from the hoary past of mythology! It is thus a study of ancient Indian realm of knowledge and wisdom. The chapter on Mahabharata paradigm gives us an example how to use ancient Indian history writing as F.E. Pargiter had done and understand how ancient historians did know about historicism and the concept of causation which the Euro-centric historians thought were their contribution in giving history a modern touch and scientific temper.

Ceramics play an important role in the study of archaeological sites and cultures. Pottery is one of the most abundantly produced material by the ancient communities. Pottery helps us in understanding the state of economy, food habits, technological advancement, trade and contacts, rituals and beliefs, etc. Much of the reconstruction of the history of any archaeological site depends to a great extent on study of its ceramic residues. The data on the pottery is scattered in numerous sources, which makes it difficult to have a synoptic view of the pottery traditions of a region in a particular period. The present work is aimed at filling this gap, and presenting the data in a single source in a comprehensive manner. The book has data on pottery assignable to different cultural periods starting from Neolithic period (from 2500 bce) to Early historic period upto 300 ce, from the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in South India.

During Portuguese time, highly sophisticated architectural style developed which culminated in the Indo-Portuguese Baroque style in the eighteenth century Goa. Many churches were built in Goa, among these the Se Cathedral, Convent and church of St. Francis of Assisi, Chapel of St. Catherine, Basilica of Bom Jesus, St. Cajetan, Church of St. Augustine, Church of the Carmelites, Church of St. John of God, Chapel of St. Anthony, Convent and Church of the Cross of Miracles, St. Anne are important. These buildings with the passage time suffered and lost grandeur. These buildings have been repaired since 1962. 63 col and 49 B/W illustrations.

The present work deals with the Socio-political history of Kishtwar from early to later medieval period. The book deals with the origin of Kishtwar with its geographical location and different nomenclatures. It explains the foundation of Kishtwar by Raja Kahan Pal, his origin and annexation of rule from the Panjasasis (a ruling tribe from Punjab). The chronology of important Rajas from Raja Kahan Pal to Kirat Singh and economy of Kishtwar has been discussed in detail. The army of Kishtwar and the source of income to maintain the army has been discussed. The relations of Kishtwar with the neighbouring states like Kashmir, Jammu, Bhaderwah, Balor Basoli, Chamba, and the mighty Mughal rulers have been explained. It provides an insight how geographical, political, social and religious conditions played a vital role in the varying nature of relations of Kishtwar with these states. The work explains the factors which led to successful resistance by the Rajas of Kishtwar against the mighty Mughal emperors.

This book offers not only a foundational understanding of rock art but also charts a path for future innovations in the field. By championing a harmonious blend of scientific tools and traditional methods, it highlights the critical importance of preserving this universal civilizational heritage for generations to come. Examine into this pioneering work to uncover how interdisciplinary scientific approaches can reveal the hidden secrets of rock art, providing fresh insights and laying the ground work for transformative research in archaeology. From tracing the evolution of rock art studies in India to exploring the role of ethnography and addressing hazards in preservation, this book comprehensively covers every essential aspect. Packed with well-studied examples and a detailed documentation sheet, it serves as an indispensable resource for researchers.

In the field of archaeological investigation, there is ample possibility to reveal a number of mysteries because due to tough geographical situation and some political conflicts very less work has been done in the field of archaeology in this region. Still there is a need to produce a collective work which may able to throw light not only on the geographical uniqueness of the region but also present a brief history of the people along with findings of the archaeological investigations done in the region. With maps and illustrations, b/w, and col.

The period was dominated by the use of ground and polished stone tools. The tools were classified on the basis of shape and techniques used in the manufacture of the tools. The Neolithic communities were also indulging in prolific art activities, which are found in the form of paintings and rock bruisings. This book is a result of scientific investigations carried out using various modern techniques like the Geospatial Mapping, Satellite data, Terrain Modelling, use-wear analysis with Micro Photography, and overall interpretation of the resulting data in a systematic manner. Thus, the present study deviates largely from the earlier studies on the subject, and does the interpretation and analysis based on scientific applications. The present work can be an effective guide for the future researchers. With 5 maps, 30 line drawings, 15 col. & 67 b/w illus., Bibliography, Index.

The present study will look into different parameters and paradigms of famines and agrarian conditions in Andhra Pradesh. The present book study and analyse the historical factors for the occurrence of repeated drought and famines in Rayalaseema and to analyse the factors responsible for the failure of monsoons change of climate conditions and distress of farming community. It also analyse the impact of famines on the socio, economic and cultural life of the people of Rayalaseema and to evaluate and assess the overall development and further initiatives for the betterment of Rayalaseema. With maps, b/w illus., Bibliography, andIndex.

The present book is part of an ongoing research series on the rock-cut sculptures of Eastern India, with a specific focus on the lesser-known sculptural heritage of Barabar Hill in Bihar. While Barabar is often acknowledged for its ancient rock-cut caves from the Mauryan period, this volume highlights another equally significant yet overlooked aspect—the numerous sculptures carved into the hill. Through meticulous fieldwork, including on-site surveys, high-quality photographs, & precise measurements, this study brings together over a hundred sculptures—some carved directly into the rock and others discovered as movable fragments.

The book Sculpting the Divine: Rock-cut Sculptures of Kauwa-Dol Hill explores the vibrant artistic legacy of the Pala period in the ancient Magadha region through meticulous documentation of Brahmanical and Buddhist sculptures. The site, once home to the ancient monastic complex of Silabhadra Vihara, served as a thriving centre of learning. The study highlights the dynamic interplay between rock, relief, and ritual, transforming stone into a medium of memory, sanctity, and historical continuity. This work examines accounts by notable scholars who have studied the site, including Xuanzang, Buchanan, Kittoe, Beglar, Cunningham, Bloch and Patil. It comprehensively analyses the evolution of rock-cut sculptures, the environmental setting of Kauwa-Dol Hill, and its historical-religious landscape.

This book is an attempt to give a bird’s eye view of different aspects of the Philosophy of Tamils. Tamils are a distinct group of people with their own culture, religion, and philosophy. They have contributed immensely to all fields of human knowledge and endeavor, including poetry, literature, and so forth. The philosophy of Shaiva Siddhanta is the best outcome of Tamil religiosity. The moral and spiritual aspects of Tamil culture which are very relevant to the present rapidly changing worlds of social, technological & historical trajectories. Tamil culture and civilization with their variety and creativity, have an appropriate place in the full gamut of Indian philosophical traditions. Tamil scholars who glorify the ancient past of the Tamils refer to the literary works of the Sangam period. It is necessary to focus on the philosophical aspects of the contributions made by the Ancient Tamils.

These viharas made in rock openings share equal importance with the structural and rock-cut viharas found elsewhere. Vindhyan plateau in Central India is dotted with a number of rock art sites showcasing the life of early men in form of hunting pursuits, dancing activities and war affairs. Since these sites are marked with shelters formation located on hilly terrain amidst deep jungles, they are ideally suited for Buddhist mendicants. In process, rock shelters lying here have been transformed and adapted as dwelling units ideally suited to mendicants for their reclusive landscape. The whole landscape has been exploited to facilitate their requisite needs and pious deeds in observance of the Dhamma initiated by Lord Buddha. Here rock art sites manifesting Buddhist monasticism reveal Buddhist edifices, symbolic representations through petroglyphs and pictographs related with Buddha's doctrine. Ruined structures of stupas, chaityas, platforms, benches and boundary wall (simarekha) occur here scattered in dry stone masonry.