Community Organizing

Joyce Sheldon McKnight, D.Ed. is Associate Professor of Community and Human Services at the innovative Empire State College of the State University of New York. She has over forty years of direct community organizing experience in urban and rural place-based communities, communities of interest, diasportic communities and online social networks. She has taught community organizing principles and practices to hundreds of adult undergraduate and graduate students from around the world, many of whom have used participatory community organizing to implement exciting community-based projects including projects in Haiti, India, and South Africa. Since 2003, she has had major responsibility for the development and supervision of comprehensive community and human services and public affairs curricula for the burgeoning Center for Distance Learning of SUNY/Empire State College. In 2007 she received the college's prestigious Altes Award for Community Service and Scholarship and in 2009 received the Phyllis M. Cunningham Award for Social Justice Research from the Adult Education Research Conference. She is a frequent contributor to national and international conferences and has reviewed articles on participatory research and popular education for the Adult Education Quarterly. Her areas of expertise are participatory community organizing, self-directed learning, distance learning, prior learning assessment, open educational resources for developing nations and on-line community building. Joanna McKnight Plummer is a recent graduate of the State University of New York in community and human services with additional graduate studies in mental health counseling. She brings practical experience in community-based organizing in both city and rural settings as well as the student perspective to the tone, content, and readability of this student-focused text.

• In this Section: I) Brief Table of Contents II) Detailed Table of Contents ' I) Brief Table of Contents ' Chapter 1. Defining Community Chapter 2. Communities as Systems Chapter 3. Living and Working in Communities Chapter 4. Varieties of Community Organizing Chapter 5. The Community Organizing Cycle Chapter 6. Building an Effective Leadership Team Chapter 7. Participatory Research Chapter 8. Planning and Implementation Chapter 9. Management and Evaluation Chapter 10. Organizational Structure, Budgeting, and Funding Chapter 11. Power and Empowerment Chapter 12. Navigating the Political Labyrinth Chapter 13. Value Systems and Ethics Chapter 14. Community Organizing with Web-Based Tools Chapter 15. Organizations that Support Community Organizing' ' II) Detailed Table of Contents ' Chapter 1. Defining Community Introduction Case Study 1: The Smithville Neighborhood Case Study 2: The Town of Middle View Variations on the Theme ' Chapter 2. Communities as Systems Systems Thinking Analyzing Community Systems Kaleidoscopic Community Systems Bringing People Together ' Chapter 3. Living and Working in Communities Building Your Internal Picture of the Focal Community Getting Acquainted with the Focal System Learning the "Rules" "Fitting In" to Community Life Using Theories of Social Integration Integration into Community Life ' Chapter 4. Varieties of Community Organizing Place-based and Relational Organizing Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation Economic Mutual Aid Self-help Groups Community-based Advocacy Social Movements Collaborations Mixing and Matching ' Chapter 5. The Community Organizing Cycle The Organizing Cycle as a WholeFocus on Leadership Focus on Participatory Research Focus on Planning Focus on Implementation Focus on Management Focus on Evaluation ' Chapter 6. Building an Effective Leadership Team Recruiting a Leadership Team The Evolving Leadership Team: The Form, Storm, Norm, Perform, and Adjourn Cycle Leadership Teams as Living Systems Facilitating Effective Community Leadership Teams Interactional Processes Power in Leadership Teams Roles Team Members Play ' Chapter 7. Participatory Research Connected Knowing: The "Engine" of Participatory Research Data Gathering and Consolidation of Information Analytical Frameworks The Asset-based Approach The Problem-centered Approach Gap Analysis Sustainability Analysis ' Chapter 8. Planning and Implementation Four Types of Planning TraditionalRelationalAdvocacyParticipatoryThe Planning Questions Assessing the Situation Implementation: Defining the Next Steps Mixing and Phasing the Implementation Strategies Training and Pilot Projects ' Chapter 9. Management and Evaluation Five Types of Management Bureaucratic ManagementRelationship Based ManagementDistributed ManagementParticipatory ManagementContingency ManagementEvaluation Formative Evaluation PlansContinuous Quality ImprovementThe Management Information SystemSummative EvaluationsEvaluation for the Varieties of Community OrganizingOrganizingSummary ' Chapter 10. Organizational Structure, Budgeting, and Funding Organizational Structures Advocacy for Effective ActionInformal AssociationsAdoption by an Exisiting OrganizationFormal OrganizationsFor Benefit or B CorporationsNonprofit Organizations: 501c3Churches and Integrated AuxilliariesFoundations and Giving CirclesPolitical OrganizationsOrganizing Internationally: Non-government Organizations (NGOs) Budgeting Basics Guiding the Budgeting Process Expenditure Budgeting Zero-based Budgeting Income Budgeting and Funding Budget Management throughout the Year Accountability and Audits Cash Flow Problems Ethical Budget Management ' Chapter 11. Power and Empowerment Two Ways of Discerning Power Power as an Individual Attribute Power as an Attribute of Certain Classes or Categories of People Power as a Product of Interaction Power and Authority How Others Perceive Your Power Power within the Varieties of Community Organizing Empowerment: Increasing the Power of Individuals and Communities Maximizing Your Own and Others' Individual Power Organizational Empowerment Community Empowerment Forces against Community Empowerment ' Chapter 12. Navigating the Political Labyrinth Why We Have Governments Three Views of the Role of Government Political Negotiations Six Dimensions of Public Policy A Real World Example Playing the Political Game How to Play the Political Game with Politicians Playing the "Policy Game" with Bureaucrats ' Chapter 13. Value Systems and Ethics Quality of Life Values Competing Value Systems: Modernism and the Quality of Life Ethical Viewpoints Professional Ethical Standards and Codes of Ethics ' Chapter 14. Community Organizing with Web-Based Tools The Impact of the Internet and Social Networking on Community Organizing Horizontal Community Organizing Connectivism and Community Organizing Strengths of Using the Web for Community Organizing Weaknesses, Dangers, and Threats of the Internet or to the Internet ' Chapter 15. Organizations that Support Community Organizing The Community Development Model The Social Action Model "Volunteer Efforts and Movements Faith Communities Working for and Modeling Social Change Service Organizations ' **Available in eText copy only** Appendix A Details of Participatory Research Strategies Appendix B Expanded Coverage of Budgeting and Fund-raising Notes ' '