David Horton Smith is Research and Emeritus Professor of Sociology at Boston College, USA, and an Honorary Visiting Professor at universities in the UK and Russia. The founder of ARNOVA and ICSERA, he won the Lifetime Achievement Award of ARNOVA in 1993. With a biography in the International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, Smith has written or edited many books and journal articles, including several encyclopedia entries. Robert Stebbins is Professor Emeritus at the University of Calgary, Canada. His research and theoretic interests lie in work, leisure, and volunteering. His most recent books include Careers in Serious Leisure: From Dabbler to Devotee in Search of Fulfillment (Palgrave, 2014) and The Idea of Leisure ( 2012). Jurgen Grotz is the Research Manager at the Institute for Volunteering Research, UK, and a Visiting Fellow at the School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK. He has over 25 years' research experience in the Voluntary and Community Sector, and has contributed to publications such as The State of the World's Volunteerism Report by UNV (2011).

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• IntroductionI. HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND1. History of Associations and Volunteering2. Theories of Associations and Volunteering3. Typologies of Associations and Volunteering4. Leisure and Time Use Perspectives on Volunteering5. Volunteering as Related to Other Leisure Activities6. Associations and Social Capital7. Associations and Social Networks8. Hybrid Associations and Blurred Sector BoundariesII. SPECIAL TYPES OF VOLUNTEERING9. Informal, Unorganized Volunteering10. Stipended Transnational Volunteering11. Stipended National Service Volunteering12. Volunteer Tourism and Travel Volunteering13. Online-Volunteering and Cyber-Associations14. Spontaneous Volunteering in Emergencies15. Formal Volunteer Service Programs16. Changing Nature of Formal Service Program VolunteeringIII. MAJOR ACTIVITY AREAS OF VOLUNTEERING AND ASSOCIATIONS17. Traditional Philanthropic Service Volunteering18. Self-Help and Mutual Aid Group Volunteering19. Participation in Trade and Business Associations20. Participation in Worker Cooperatives21. Volunteering in Consumer and Service Cooperatives22. Volunteering in Religious Congregations and Faith-Based Associations23. Political Parties and Political Volunteering-Participation24. Social Movements and Activist-Protest VolunteeringIV. INFLUENCES ON VOLUNTEERING AND ASSOCIATION PARTICIPATION25. Physiological Correlates of Volunteering26. Conducive Macro-Contexts Influencing Volunteering27. Conducive Meso and Micro-Contexts Influencing Volunteering28. Conducive Social Roles and Demographics Influencing Volunteering29. Volunteering in Three Life Stages30. Conducive Motivations and Psychological Influences on Volunteering31. Theory as a Comprehensive, Interdisciplinary Explanation of Volunteering and Pro-Social BehaviorV. INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF ASSOCIATIONS32. Local or Grassroots Associations: Micro-Associations33. National and Other Supra-Local Associations: Meso-Associations34. Trans-National Associations and INGOs: Macro-Associations35. Governance, Boards, and Internal Structures of Associations36. Leadership and Management of Associations37. Life Cycles of Individual AssociationsVI. INTERNAL PROCESSES OF ASSOCIATIONS38. Member Acquisition and Retention in Associations39. Resource Attraction and Marketing by Associations40. Avoiding Bureaucratization and Mission Drift in Associations41. Self-Regulation in Associations42. Accountability and Social Accounting in Associations43. Information and Technology for Associations44. Economics of Associations and VolunteeringVII. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ASSOCIATIONS45. Civil Liberties and Freedoms as Association Contexts46. Pluralism, Corporatism, and Authoritarianism as Association Contexts47. Legal, Registration, and Taxation Issues of Associations48. Relationships and Collaboration among Associations49. Public Perceptions of and Trust in Associations and Volunteers50. Prevalence Rates of Associations Across TerritoriesVIII. SCOPE AND IMPACTS OF VOLUNTEERING AND ASSOCIATIONS51. Scope and Trends of Volunteering and Associations52. Volunteering Impacts on Volunteers and Association Members53. Crime, Misconduct, and Dysfunctions in and by AssociationsIX. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS54. Conclusions and Future ProspectsX. APPENDIX

David Horton Smith is Research and Emeritus Professor of Sociology at Boston College, USA, and an Honorary Visiting Professor at universities in the UK and Russia. The founder of ARNOVA and ICSERA, he won the Lifetime Achievement Award of ARNOVA in 1993. With a biography in the International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, Smith has written or edited many books and journal articles, including several encyclopedia entries. Robert Stebbins is Professor Emeritus at the University of Calgary, Canada. His research and theoretic interests lie in work, leisure, and volunteering. His most recent books include Careers in Serious Leisure: From Dabbler to Devotee in Search of Fulfillment (Palgrave, 2014) and The Idea of Leisure ( 2012). Jurgen Grotz is the Research Manager at the Institute for Volunteering Research, UK, and a Visiting Fellow at the School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK. He has over 25 years' research experience in the Voluntary and Community Sector, and has contributed to publications such as The State of the World's Volunteerism Report by UNV (2011).

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• IntroductionI. HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND1. History of Associations and Volunteering2. Theories of Associations and Volunteering3. Typologies of Associations and Volunteering4. Leisure and Time Use Perspectives on Volunteering5. Volunteering as Related to Other Leisure Activities6. Associations and Social Capital7. Associations and Social Networks8. Hybrid Associations and Blurred Sector BoundariesII. SPECIAL TYPES OF VOLUNTEERING9. Informal, Unorganized Volunteering10. Stipended Transnational Volunteering11. Stipended National Service Volunteering12. Volunteer Tourism and Travel Volunteering13. Online-Volunteering and Cyber-Associations14. Spontaneous Volunteering in Emergencies15. Formal Volunteer Service Programs16. Changing Nature of Formal Service Program VolunteeringIII. MAJOR ACTIVITY AREAS OF VOLUNTEERING AND ASSOCIATIONS17. Traditional Philanthropic Service Volunteering18. Self-Help and Mutual Aid Group Volunteering19. Participation in Trade and Business Associations20. Participation in Worker Cooperatives21. Volunteering in Consumer and Service Cooperatives22. Volunteering in Religious Congregations and Faith-Based Associations23. Political Parties and Political Volunteering-Participation24. Social Movements and Activist-Protest VolunteeringIV. INFLUENCES ON VOLUNTEERING AND ASSOCIATION PARTICIPATION25. Physiological Correlates of Volunteering26. Conducive Macro-Contexts Influencing Volunteering27. Conducive Meso and Micro-Contexts Influencing Volunteering28. Conducive Social Roles and Demographics Influencing Volunteering29. Volunteering in Three Life Stages30. Conducive Motivations and Psychological Influences on Volunteering31. Theory as a Comprehensive, Interdisciplinary Explanation of Volunteering and Pro-Social BehaviorV. INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF ASSOCIATIONS32. Local or Grassroots Associations: Micro-Associations33. National and Other Supra-Local Associations: Meso-Associations34. Trans-National Associations and INGOs: Macro-Associations35. Governance, Boards, and Internal Structures of Associations36. Leadership and Management of Associations37. Life Cycles of Individual AssociationsVI. INTERNAL PROCESSES OF ASSOCIATIONS38. Member Acquisition and Retention in Associations39. Resource Attraction and Marketing by Associations40. Avoiding Bureaucratization and Mission Drift in Associations41. Self-Regulation in Associations42. Accountability and Social Accounting in Associations43. Information and Technology for Associations44. Economics of Associations and VolunteeringVII. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ASSOCIATIONS45. Civil Liberties and Freedoms as Association Contexts46. Pluralism, Corporatism, and Authoritarianism as Association Contexts47. Legal, Registration, and Taxation Issues of Associations48. Relationships and Collaboration among Associations49. Public Perceptions of and Trust in Associations and Volunteers50. Prevalence Rates of Associations Across TerritoriesVIII. SCOPE AND IMPACTS OF VOLUNTEERING AND ASSOCIATIONS51. Scope and Trends of Volunteering and Associations52. Volunteering Impacts on Volunteers and Association Members53. Crime, Misconduct, and Dysfunctions in and by AssociationsIX. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS54. Conclusions and Future ProspectsX. APPENDIX

David Horton Smith is Research and Emeritus Professor of Sociology at Boston College, USA, and an Honorary Visiting Professor at universities in the UK and Russia. The founder of ARNOVA and ICSERA, he won the Lifetime Achievement Award of ARNOVA in 1993. With a biography in the International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, Smith has written or edited many books and journal articles, including several encyclopedia entries. Robert Stebbins is Professor Emeritus at the University of Calgary, Canada. His research and theoretic interests lie in work, leisure, and volunteering. His most recent books include Careers in Serious Leisure: From Dabbler to Devotee in Search of Fulfillment (Palgrave, 2014) and The Idea of Leisure ( 2012). Jurgen Grotz is the Research Manager at the Institute for Volunteering Research, UK, and a Visiting Fellow at the School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK. He has over 25 years' research experience in the Voluntary and Community Sector, and has contributed to publications such as The State of the World's Volunteerism Report by UNV (2011).

Select Guide Rating

• IntroductionI. HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND1. History of Associations and Volunteering2. Theories of Associations and Volunteering3. Typologies of Associations and Volunteering4. Leisure and Time Use Perspectives on Volunteering5. Volunteering as Related to Other Leisure Activities6. Associations and Social Capital7. Associations and Social Networks8. Hybrid Associations and Blurred Sector BoundariesII. SPECIAL TYPES OF VOLUNTEERING9. Informal, Unorganized Volunteering10. Stipended Transnational Volunteering11. Stipended National Service Volunteering12. Volunteer Tourism and Travel Volunteering13. Online-Volunteering and Cyber-Associations14. Spontaneous Volunteering in Emergencies15. Formal Volunteer Service Programs16. Changing Nature of Formal Service Program VolunteeringIII. MAJOR ACTIVITY AREAS OF VOLUNTEERING AND ASSOCIATIONS17. Traditional Philanthropic Service Volunteering18. Self-Help and Mutual Aid Group Volunteering19. Participation in Trade and Business Associations20. Participation in Worker Cooperatives21. Volunteering in Consumer and Service Cooperatives22. Volunteering in Religious Congregations and Faith-Based Associations23. Political Parties and Political Volunteering-Participation24. Social Movements and Activist-Protest VolunteeringIV. INFLUENCES ON VOLUNTEERING AND ASSOCIATION PARTICIPATION25. Physiological Correlates of Volunteering26. Conducive Macro-Contexts Influencing Volunteering27. Conducive Meso and Micro-Contexts Influencing Volunteering28. Conducive Social Roles and Demographics Influencing Volunteering29. Volunteering in Three Life Stages30. Conducive Motivations and Psychological Influences on Volunteering31. Theory as a Comprehensive, Interdisciplinary Explanation of Volunteering and Pro-Social BehaviorV. INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF ASSOCIATIONS32. Local or Grassroots Associations: Micro-Associations33. National and Other Supra-Local Associations: Meso-Associations34. Trans-National Associations and INGOs: Macro-Associations35. Governance, Boards, and Internal Structures of Associations36. Leadership and Management of Associations37. Life Cycles of Individual AssociationsVI. INTERNAL PROCESSES OF ASSOCIATIONS38. Member Acquisition and Retention in Associations39. Resource Attraction and Marketing by Associations40. Avoiding Bureaucratization and Mission Drift in Associations41. Self-Regulation in Associations42. Accountability and Social Accounting in Associations43. Information and Technology for Associations44. Economics of Associations and VolunteeringVII. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ASSOCIATIONS45. Civil Liberties and Freedoms as Association Contexts46. Pluralism, Corporatism, and Authoritarianism as Association Contexts47. Legal, Registration, and Taxation Issues of Associations48. Relationships and Collaboration among Associations49. Public Perceptions of and Trust in Associations and Volunteers50. Prevalence Rates of Associations Across TerritoriesVIII. SCOPE AND IMPACTS OF VOLUNTEERING AND ASSOCIATIONS51. Scope and Trends of Volunteering and Associations52. Volunteering Impacts on Volunteers and Association Members53. Crime, Misconduct, and Dysfunctions in and by AssociationsIX. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS54. Conclusions and Future ProspectsX. APPENDIX